The Barrow Neurological Institute is proud of its reputation as a medical research facility and is home to some of the most sophisticated research programs outside of an academic setting in the Southwestern United States. Researchers in the Barrow Neurosurgery Research Center are devoted to learning more about the causes of and treatments for a wide range of disorders, such as stroke, aneurysms, spinal cord injury, and hydrocephalus. Our research has led to treatments that are being used around the world. Within the Department are neurosurgeons who subspecialize in cerebrovascular and skull base, functional and stereotactic, pediatric, spine, tumor, and endovascular neurosurgery.

Physicians, scientists, and expert clinical staff come together with a commitment to developing new techniques for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of neurological illnesses and injuries. The leadership of internationally respected physicians keeps Barrow at the forefront of neuroscience. The compassionate expertise of its extensive staff of nurses, technologists, therapists and support personnel is evident in every aspect of care provided.

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Submissions from 2021

Are preoperative chlorhexidine gluconate showers associated with a reduction in surgical site infection following craniotomy? A retrospective cohort analysis of 3126 surgical procedures, Simon G. Ammanuel, Caleb S. Edwards, Andrew K. Chan, Praveen V. Mummaneni, Joseph Kidane, Enrique Vargas, Sarah D'Souza, Amy D. Nichols, Sujatha Sankaran, Adib A. Abla, Manish K. Aghi, Edward F. Chang, Shawn L. Hervey-Jumper, Sandeep Kunwar, Paul S. Larson, Michael T. Lawton, Philip A. Starr, Philip V. Theodosopoulos, Mitchel S. Berger, and Michael W. McDermott

Corrigendum to ‘Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Congenital Cervical Spinal Stenosis’ [World Neurosurgery 141 (2020) e645-e650] (World Neurosurgery (2020) 141(e645-e650) (S1878875020312250), (10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.252)), Karam Atli, Vikram Chakravarthy, Aleem I. Khan, Bryan S. Lee, Don Moore, Michael P. Steinmetz, and Thomas E. Mroz

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Penetrating Spinal Cord Injury in civilians: analysis of a national database, Mauricio J. Avila, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, R John Hurlbert, and Travis M. Dumont

The Glossopharyngo-Cochlear Triangle-Part II: Case Series Highlighting the Clinical Application to High-Riding Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms Exposed through the Extended Retrosigmoid Approach, Jacob F. Baranoski, Stefan W. Koester, Colin J. Przybylowski, Xiaochun Zhao, Joshua S. Catapano, Sirin Gandhi, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Tyler S. Cole, Jonathan Lee, Fabio A. Frisoli, Michael T. Lawton, and Justin R. Mascitelli

In Reply: The Glossopharyngo-Cochlear Triangle-Part II: Case Series Highlighting the Clinical Application to High-Riding Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms Exposed Through the Extended Retrosigmoid Approach, Jacob F. Baranoski, Justin R. Mascitelli, and Michael T. Lawton

Integrating Stereoscopic Video with Modular 3D Anatomic Models for Lateral Skull Base Training, Samuel R. Barber, Saurabh Jain, Young-Jun Son, Kaith Almefty, Michael T. Lawton, and Shawn M. Stevens

Visualization of brain microvasculature and blood flow in vivo: Feasibility study using confocal laser endomicroscopy, Evgenii Belykh, Xiaochun Zhao, Brandon Ngo, Dara S. Farhadi, Adam Kindelin, Saif Ahmad, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

Eponyms in Vascular Neurosurgery: Comprehensive Review of 11 Arteries, Dimitri Benner, Benjamin K. Hendricks, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

Eponyms in Vascular Neurosurgery: Comprehensive Review of 18 Veins, Dimitri Benner, Benjamin K. Hendricks, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "Eponyms in Vascular Neurosurgery: Comprehensive Review of 11 Arteries", Dimitri Benner, Benjamin K. Hendricks, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

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Thoracic meningioma with ossification: Case report, Daniel Buchanan, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Wei Yang, and Russell I. Buchanan

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Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Brain Metastases: An International, Multicenter Study, Adomas Bunevicius, Sarah Fribance, Stylianos Pikis, John Y. Lee, Love Y. Buch, Michael Moran, Andrew I. Yang, Kenneth Bernstein, David Mathieu, Rémi Perron, Roman Liscak, Gabriela Simonova, Samir Patel, Daniel M. Trifiletti, Roberto Martínez Álvarez, Nuria Martínez Moreno, Cheng-Chia Lee, Huai-Che Yang, Ben A. Strickland, Gabriel Zada, Eric L. Chang, Douglas Kondziolka, and Jason Sheehan

Predictors of the development of takotsubo cardiomyopathy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and outcomes in patients with intra-aortic balloon pumps, Joshua S. Catapano, Andrew F. Ducruet, Fabio A. Frisoli, Candice L. Nguyen, Christopher E. Louie, Mohamed A. Labib, Jacob F. Baranoski, Tyler S. Cole, Alexander C. Whiting, Felipe C. Albuquerque, and Michael T. Lawton

Propensity-adjusted cost analysis of radial versus femoral access for neuroendovascular procedures, Joshua S. Catapano, Andrew F. Ducruet, Stefan W. Koester, Tyler S. Cole, Jacob F. Baranoski, Caleb Rutledge, Neil Majmundar, Visish M. Srinivasan, D. Andrew Wilkinson, Michael T. Lawton, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

A propensity-adjusted comparison of middle meningeal artery embolization versus conventional therapy for chronic subdural hematomas, Joshua S. Catapano, Andrew F. Ducruet, Candice L. Nguyen, Tyler S. Cole, Jacob F. Baranoski, Neil Majmundar, D Andrew Wilkinson, Vance L. Fredrickson, Daniel D. Cavalcanti, Michael T. Lawton, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

Propensity-Adjusted Comparative Analysis of Radial Versus Femoral Access for Neurointerventional Treatments, Joshua S. Catapano, Andrew F. Ducruet, Candice L. Nguyen, Neil Majmundar, D. Andrew Wilkinson, Tyler S. Cole, Jacob F. Baranoski, Daniel D. Cavalcanti, Vance L. Fredrickson, Visish M. Srinivasan, Caleb Rutledge, Michael T. Lawton, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

Intermediate-grade brain arteriovenous malformations and the boundary of operability using the supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading system, Joshua S. Catapano, Fabio A. Frisoli, Candice L. Nguyen, Mohamed A. Labib, Tyler S. Cole, Jacob F. Baranoski, Helen Kim, Robert F. Spetzler, and Michael T. Lawton

Spetzler-Martin Grade III Arteriovenous Malformations: A Multicenter Propensity-Adjusted Analysis of the Effects of Preoperative Embolization, Joshua S. Catapano, Fabio A. Frisoli, Candice L. Nguyen, D. Andrew Wilkinson, Neil Majmundar, Tyler S. Cole, Jacob F. Baranoski, Alexander C. Whiting, Helen Kim, Andrew F. Ducruet, Felipe C. Albuquerque, Daniel L. Cooke, Robert F. Spetzler, and Michael T. Lawton

Subclavian artery to internal carotid artery interpositional bypass for carotid artery occlusion: Technical case report, Joshua S. Catapano, Fabio A. Frisoli, Gabriella M. Paisan, Katherine A. Dunn, Ankush Bajaj, Mohamed A. Labib, Tyler S. Cole, Michael J. Lang, and Michael T. Lawton

An evaluation of the SAFIRE grading scale as a predictor of long-term outcomes for patients in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial, Joshua S. Catapano, Mohamed A. Labib, Fabio A. Frisoli, Megan S. Cadigan, Jacob F. Baranoski, Tyler S. Cole, James J. Zhou, Candice L. Nguyen, Alexander C. Whiting, Andrew F. Ducruet, Felipe C. Albuquerque, and Michael T. Lawton

Small intracranial aneurysms in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT), Joshua S. Catapano, Candice L. Nguyen, Fabio A. Frisoli, Soumya Sagar, Jacob F. Baranoski, Tyler S. Cole, Mohamed A. Labib, Alexander C. Whiting, Andrew F. Ducruet, Felipe C. Albuquerque, and Michael T. Lawton

Extended Retrosigmoid Approach for Resection of a Lateral Pontine Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Joshua S. Catapano, Rohin Singh, Visish M. Srinivasan, and Michael T. Lawton

Length of hospital stay in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients without vasospasm on angiography: Potential for a fast-track discharge cohort, Joshua S. Catapano, Visish M. Srinivasan, Kavelin Rumalla, Mohamed A. Labib, Candice L. Nguyen, Tyler S. Cole, Jacob F. Baranoski, Caleb Rutledge, Redi Rahmani, Michael T. Lawton, Andrew F. Ducruet, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

Long-Term Independence in Older Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial, Joshua S. Catapano, Tyler Zeoli, Fabio A. Frisoli, Jan Karl Burk-hardt, and Michael T. Lawton

Historical perspectives, challenges, and future directions of implantable brain-computer interfaces for sensorimotor applications, Santosh Chandrasekaran, Matthew Fifer, Stephan Bickel, Luke Osborn, Jose Herrero, Breanne Christie, Junqian Xu, Rory K. Murphy, Sandeep Singh, Matthew F. Glasser, Jennifer L. Collinger, Robert Gaunt, Ashesh D. Mehta, Andrew Schwartz, and Chad E. Bouton

Increasing author counts in neurosurgical journals from 1980 to 2020, Tyler S. Cole, Mark A. Pacult, and Michael T. Lawton

The Neuroanatomic Studies of Albert L. Rhoton Jr. in Historical Context: An Analysis of Origin, Evolution, and Application, Dara S. Farhadi, Jubran H. Jubran, Xiaochun Zhao, Lena Mary Houlihan, Evgenii Belykh, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Ronald L. Smith, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

The middle communicating artery: A novel fourth-generation bypass for revascularizing trapped middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms in 2 cases, Fabio A. Frisoli, Joshua S. Catapano, Jacob F. Baranoski, and Michael T. Lawton

Creation of a middle communicating artery with external carotid artery-radial artery graft-M2 middle cerebral artery interpositional bypass and M2 middle cerebral artery-M2 middle cerebral artery reimplantation for a recurrent middle cerebral artery aneurysm: 2-dimensional operative video, Fabio A. Frisoli, Joshua S. Catapano, Dimitri Benner, and Michael T. Lawton

Thrombectomy and Clip Occlusion of a Giant, Stent-Coiled Basilar Bifurcation Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video, Fabio A. Frisoli, Joshua S. Catapano, S. Harrison Farber, Jacob F. Baranoski, Rohin Singh, Arnau Benet, Tyler S. Cole, Michael A. Mooney, and Michael T. Lawton

Spetzler-Martin Grade III Arteriovenous Malformations: A Comparison of Modified and Supplemented Spetzler-Martin Grading Systems, Fabio A. Frisoli, Joshua S. Catapano, Dara S. Farhadi, Megan S. Cadigan, Candice L. Nguyen, Mohamed A. Labib, Visish M. Srinivasan, and Michael T. Lawton

Dissecting Fusiform PICA Aneurysm Repair With Trapping and an Unconventional End-to-Side Reanastomosis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Fabio A. Frisoli, Joshua S. Catapano, Rohin Singh, and Michael T. Lawton

Somatic mosaicism in the MAPK pathway in sporadic brain arteriovenous malformation and association with phenotype, Sen Gao, Jeffrey Nelson, Shantel Weinsheimer, Ethan A. Winkler, Caleb Rutledge, Adib A. Abla, Nalin Gupta, Joseph T. Shieh, Daniel L. Cooke, Steven W. Hetts, Tarik Tihan, Christopher P. Hess, Nerissa Ko, Brian P. Walcott, Charles E. McCulloch, Michael T. Lawton, Hua Su, Ludmila Pawlikowska, and Helen Kim

Commentary: Predicting Spinal Surgery Candidacy from Imaging Data Using Machine Learning, Timothy C. Gooldy and Laura A. Snyder

Perioperative and swallowing outcomes in patients undergoing 4- And 5-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, S. Harrison Farber, David J. Mauler, Soumya Sagar, Mark A. Pacult, Corey T. Walker, Michael A. Bohl, Laura A. Snyder, Kristina M. Chapple, Volker K.H. Sonntag, Juan S. Uribe, Jay D. Turner, Steve W. Chang, and U. Kumar Kakarla

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Deep Brain Stimulation of the Ventral Capsule/Ventral Striatum for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Decade of Clinical Follow-Up, Frederick L. Hitti, Mario A. Cristancho, Andrew I. Yang, John P. O'Reardon, Mahendra T. Bhati, and Gordon H. Baltuch

Nancy Davis Reagan, First Lady with a neurosurgical legacy, Lena Mary Houlihan, Ann J. Staudinger Knoll, Jubran H. Jubran, Dara S. Farhadi, Dimitri Benner, Joseph M. Zabramski, Michael T. Lawton, Robert F. Spetzler, and Mark C. Preul

Transorbital Neuroendoscopic Surgery as a Mainstream Neurosurgical Corridor: A Systematic Review, Lena Mary Houlihan, Ann J. Staudinger Knoll, Pramath Kakodkar, Xiaochun Zhao, Michael G.J. O'Sullivan, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

Cyclo-oxygenase 2, a putative mediator of vessel remodeling, is expressed in the brain AVM vessels and associates with inflammation, Sara Keränen, Santeri Suutarinen, Rahul Mallick, Johanna P. Laakkonen, Diana Guo, Ludmila Pawlikowska, Behnam Rezai Jahromi, Tuomas Rauramaa, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala, Doug Marchuk, Timo Krings, Timo Koivisto, Michael Lawton, Ivan Radovanovic, Helen Kim, Marie E. Faughnan, and Juhana Frösen

Letter to the Editor Regarding "The Impact of Work-Related Factors on Risk of Resident Burnout: A Global Neurosurgery Pilot Study", Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, Anna R. Kimata, Kevin L. Ma, Clinton D. Morgan, Alexander C. Whiting, and Michael T. Lawton

In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding “COVID-19 and Neurosurgery Consultation Call Volume at a Single Large Tertiary Center with a Propensity-Adjusted Analysis”, Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, and Michael T. Lawton

In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "COVID-19 and Neurosurgery Consultation Call Volume at a Single Large Tertiary Center with a Propensity-Adjusted Analysis", Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, and Michael T. Lawton

COVID-19 and Neurosurgery Consultation Call Volume at a Single Large Tertiary Center With a Propensity-Adjusted Analysis, Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, Kevin L. Ma, Anna R. Kimata, Joseph M. Abbatematteo, Corey T. Walker, Tyler S. Cole, Alexander C. Whiting, Francisco A. Ponce, and Michael T. Lawton

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture, Masaaki Korai, James Purcell, Yoshinobu Kamio, Kazuha Mitsui, Hajime Furukawa, Kimihiko Yokosuka, Takeshi Miyamoto, Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, Satoru Eguchi, Jinglu Ai, Michael T. Lawton, and Tomoki Hashimoto

Impact of vestibular nerve preservation on facial and hearing outcomes in small vestibular schwannoma surgery: a technical feasibility study, Mohamed A. Labib, Mizuho Inoue, Renee M. Banakis Hartl, Stephen Cass, Samuel Gubbels, Michael T. Lawton, and A. Samy Youssef

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can predispose young to Intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective observational study, Michael T. Lawton, Ehsan Alimohammadi, Seyed Reza Bagheri, Arash Bostani, Siavash Vaziri, Ali Karbasforoushan, Kossar Mozaffari, Mehran Bahrami Bukani, and Alireza Abdi

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Differences in outcomes of mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation by country income level: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Jacob R. Lepard, Riccardo Spagiari, Jacquelyn Corley, Ernest J. Barthélemy, Eliana Kim, Rolvix Patterson, Sara Venturini, Megan E. Still, Yu Tung Lo, Gail Rosseau, Rania A. Mekary, and Kee B. Park

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Pharmacologic and Cell-Based Therapies for Acute Spinal Cord Injury, Nikolay L. Martirosyan

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Standardizing postoperative care for pediatric intradural Chiari decompressions to decrease length of stay, David J. Mazur-Hart, Stephen G. Bowden, Brandi W. Pang, Nasser K. Yaghi, Joseph G. Nugent, Laurie D. Yablon, Wendy O. Domreis, Erika T. Ohm, and Christina M. Sayama

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Safety assessment of intraparenchymal central nervous system biopsies: Single institution healthcare value review, David J. Mazur-Hart, Nasser K. Yaghi, Jo Ling Goh, Yimo Lin, and Seunggu Han

Robotics in spine surgery: A systematic review, Daniel M. McKenzie, Alison M. Westrup, Christen M. O'Neal, Benjamin J. Lee, Helen H. Shi, Ian F. Dunn, Laura A. Snyder, and Zachary A. Smith

Learning microvascular anastomosis: Analysis of practice patterns, Pooneh Mokhtari, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

Vascular Macrophages as Therapeutic Targets to Treat Intracranial Aneurysms, Sajjad Muhammad, Shafqat Rasul Chaudhry, Gergana Dobreva, Michael T. Lawton, Mika Niemelä, and Daniel Hänggi

The effect of Gamma Knife radiosurgery on large posterior fossa metastases and the associated mass effect from peritumoral edema, Bahaeddin A. Muhsen, Krishna C. Joshi, Bryan S. Lee, Bicky Thapa, Hamid Borghei-Razavi, Xuefei Jia, Gene H. Barnett, Samuel T. Chao, Alireza M. Mohammadi, John H. Suh, Michael A. Vogelbaum, and Lilyana Angelov

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Navigation and Robotic-Assisted Single-Position Prone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Technique, Feasibility, Safety, and Case Series, Robert Y. North, Michael J. Strong, Timothy J. Yee, Osama N. Kashlan, Mark E. Oppenlander, and Paul Park

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Lateral Interbody Fusion at L4/5: Management of the Transitional Psoas, Ifije E. Ohiorhenuan, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Joshua T. Wewel, Soumya Sagar, and Juan S. Uribe

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Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia: A Case Report of a Red Herring, Brannan E. O'Neill, Nasser K. Yaghi, Maryam N. Shahin, Olabisi R. Sanusi, Justin S. Cetas, and Aclan Dogan

Extended Retrosigmoid Craniotomy and Approach Through the Glossopharyngeal Cochlear Triangle for Clipping of a High-Riding Vertebral-Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Geoffrey W. Peitz, Ryan A. McDermott, Jacob F. Baranoski, Michael T. Lawton, and Justin R. Mascitelli

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Theta Synchrony Is Increased near Neural Populations That Are Active When Initiating Instructed Movement, Ashwin G. Ramayya, Andrew I. Yang, Vivek P. Buch, John F. Burke, Andrew G. Richardson, Cameron Brandon, Joel M. Stein, Kathryn A. Davis, H Isaac Chen, Alexander Proekt, Max B. Kelz, Brian Litt, Joshua I. Gold, and Timothy H. Lucas

PIK3CA and CCM mutations fuel cavernomas through a cancer-like mechanism, Aileen A. Ren, Daniel A. Snellings, Yourong S. Su, Courtney C. Hong, Marco Castro, Alan T. Tang, Matthew R. Detter, Nicholas Hobson, Romuald Girard, Sharbel Romanos, Rhonda Lightle, Thomas Moore, Robert Shenkar, Christian Benavides, M. Makenzie Beaman, Helge Müller-Fielitz, Mei Chen, Patricia Mericko, Jisheng Yang, Derek C. Sung, Michael T. Lawton, J. Michael Ruppert, Markus Schwaninger, Jakob Körbelin, Michael Potente, Issam A. Awad, Douglas A. Marchuk, and Mark L. Kahn

Decompressive Craniectomy and Risk of Wound Infection After Microsurgical Treatment of Ruptured Aneurysms, Kavelin Rumalla, Joshua S. Catapano, Visish M. Srinivasan, Abby Lawson, Mohamed A. Labib, Jacob F. Baranoski, Tyler S. Cole, Candice L. Nguyen, Caleb Rutledge, Redi Rahmani, Joseph M. Zabramski, and Michael T. Lawton

Response To "Hemoglobin Concentration May Influence the Incidence of Postoperative Transient Neurological Events in Patients With Moyamoya After Extracranial-intracranial Arterial Bypass: A Retrospective Single Center Experience", Kavelin Rumalla, Visish M. Srinivasan, Joshua S. Catapano, and Michael T. Lawton

Cavernous Malformation Surgery in the United States: Validation of a Novel International Classification of Disease, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification Code Search Algorithm and Volume-Driven Surgical Outcomes, Kavelin Rumalla, Visish M. Srinivasan, Monica Gaddis, Svetlana Kvint, Akash J. Patel, Peter Kan, Michael T. Lawton, and Jan-Karl Burkhardt

Sensitivity of the Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Treatment Score (UIATS) in the Elderly: Retrospective Analysis of Ruptured Aneurysms, Caleb Rutledge, Daniel M.S. Raper, Soren Jonzzon, Kunal P. Raygor, Matheus Prado Pereira, Ethan A. Winkler, Li Zhang, Michael T. Lawton, and Adib A. Abla

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Commentary: Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion From L2 to S1: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Yamaan S. Saadeh, Michael J. Strong, Whitney E. Muhlestein, Timothy J. Yee, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Regression of Multiple Meningiomas after Discontinuation of Chronic Hormone Therapy: A Case Report, Maryam N. Shahin, Stephen G. Bowden, Nasser K. Yaghi, Jacob H. Bagley, Seunggu J. Han, Elena V. Varlamov, Marjorie R. Grafe, and Justin S. Cetas

Minipterional Transsylvian Approach for Resection of a Cavernous Malformation in the Optic Chiasm, Rohin Singh, Visish M. Srinivasan, and Michael T. Lawton

Multicenter Research Data of Epilepsy Management in Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome, Lindsay F. Smegal, Alison J. Sebold, Adrienne M. Hammill, Csaba Juhász, Warren D. Lo, Daniel K. Miles, Angus A. Wilfong, Alex V. Levin, Brian Fisher, Karen L. Ball, Anna L. Pinto, Anne M. Comi, Jim I. Koenig, Michael T. Lawton, Douglas A. Marchuk, Marsha A. Moses, Sharon F. Freedman, and Jonathan Pevsner

Microsurgical Management of a Marginal Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Visish M. Srinivasan, Joshua S. Catapano, Fabio A. Frisoli, Michael A. Mooney, and Michael T. Lawton

Commentary: External Validation of the R2eD AVM Score to Predict the Likelihood of Rupture Presentation of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations, Visish M. Srinivasan and Michael T. Lawton

Arteriovenous malformations in the optic apparatus: systematic literature review and report of four cases, Visish M. Srinivasan, Phiroz E. Tarapore, Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, Caleb Rutledge, Kunal P. Raygor, and Michael T. Lawton

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Treatment planning system and beam data validation for the ZAP-X: A novel self-shielded stereotactic radiosurgery system, Shiv P. Srivastava, Shyam S. Jani, Dilini S. Pinnaduwage, Xiangsheng Yan, Leland Rogers, F David Barranco, Igor J. Barani, and Stephen Sorensen

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Commentary: Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Discectomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Michael J. Strong, Whitney E. Muhlestein, Timothy J. Yee, Yamaan S. Saadeh, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Commentary: Decompression of a Dorsal Arachnoid Web of the Spine: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Michael J. Strong, Robert Y. North, Timothy J. Yee, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Pre- and intraoperative thoracic spine localization techniques: a systematic review, Michael J. Strong, Julianne Santarosa, Timothy P. Sullivan, Noojan Kazemi, Jacob R. Joseph, Osama N. Kashlan, Mark E. Oppenlander, Nicholas J. Szerlip, Paul Park, and Clay M. Elswick

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Lumbar Laminoplasty for Resection of Myxopapillary Ependymoma of the Conus Medullaris: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Michael J. Strong, Timothy J. Yee, Siri Sahib Khalsa, Yamaan S. Saadeh, Robert North, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Commentary: Single- Versus Dual-Attending-Surgeon Approach for Spine Deformity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Michael J. Strong, Timothy J. Yee, Robert Y. North, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Spinal arthrodesis via lumbar interbody fusion without direct decompression as a treatment for recurrent radicular pain due to epidural fibrosis: patient series, Kevin Swong, Michael J. Strong, Jay K. Nathan, Timothy J. Yee, Brandon W. Smith, Paul Park, and Mark E. Oppenlander

The Impact of Interhospital Competition on Treatment Strategy and Outcomes for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms, Oliver Y. Tang, James S. Yoon, Wesley M. Durand, Shaan A. Ahmed, and Michael T. Lawton

Coding cerebral bypasses: a proposed nomenclature to better describe bypass constructs and revascularization techniques, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Arjun Gadhyia, Leandro Borba Moreira, and Michael T. Lawton

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Corrigendum: Perforating Arteries of the Lemniscal Trigone: A Microsurgical Neuroanatomic Description, Santino Ottavio Tomasi, Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana, Gianluca Scalia, Roberto Luis Rubio-Rodriguez, Giuseppe Raudino, Julian Rechberger, Philipp Geiger, Bipin Chaurasia, Kaan Yagmurlu, Michael T. Lawton, and Peter A. Winkler

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The Superficial Anastomosing Veins of the Human Brain Cortex: A Microneurosurgical Anatomical Study, S Ottavio Tomasi, Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana, Gianluca Scalia, Giuseppe Raudino, Francesca Graziano, Paolo Palmisciano, Stefano M. Priola, Pier Francesco Cappai, Crescenzo Capone, Peter M. Lawrence, Christian A. Erös, Klaus D. Martin, Bipin Chaurasia, Rosario Maugeri, Gerardo Iacopino, Valerio Da Ros, Michael T. Lawton, Christoph J. Griessenauer, and Peter A. Winkler

Partial Gyrus Rectus Resection as a Technique to Improve the Exposure to the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex through the Junctional Triangle: A Quantitative Study, Daniel Valli, Xiaochun Zhao, Evgenii Belykh, Qing Sun, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

Mean arterial pressure maintenance following spinal cord injury: Does meeting the target matter?, Jordan A. Weinberg, S. Harrison Farber, Louay D. Kalamchi, Scott T. Brigeman, Michael A. Bohl, Bianca M. Varda, Natasha A. Sioda, John J. Radosevich, Kristina M. Chapple, and Laura A. Snyder

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The what and when of olfactory working memory in humans, Andrew I. Yang, Gulce N. Dikecligil, Heidi Jiang, Sandhitsu R. Das, Joel M. Stein, Stephan U. Schuele, Joshua M. Rosenow, Kathryn A. Davis, Timothy H. Lucas, and Jay A. Gottfried

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Patient-specific effects on sonication heating efficiency during magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy, Andrew I. Yang, Frederick L. Hitti, Opeyemi O. Alabi, Disha Joshi, Hanane Chaibainou, Lenora Henry, Ryan Clanton, and Gordon H. Baltuch

Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Women with Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Rupture during Pregnancy, Kimberly L. Yan, Nerissa U. Ko, Steven W. Hetts, Shantel Weinsheimer, Adib A. Abla, Michael T. Lawton, and Helen Kim

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Survival, fusion, and hardware failure after surgery for spinal metastatic disease, Timothy J. Yee, Yamaan S. Saadeh, Michael J. Strong, Ayobami L. Ward, Clay M. Elswick, Sudharsan Srinivasan, Paul Park, Mark E. Oppenlander, Daniel E. Spratt, William C. Jackson, and Nicholas J. Szerlip

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Commentary: Single-Position Surgery: Prone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Timothy J. Yee, Michael J. Strong, Robert Y. North, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Commentary: Two-Level Minimally Invasive Lumbar Laminectomy and Foraminotomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Timothy J. Yee, Michael J. Strong, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Cervical 1-2 Posterior Instrumented Fusion Utilizing Computer-Assisted Navigation With Harvest of Rib Strut Autograft: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Timothy J. Yee, Michael J. Strong, Matthew S. Willsey, and Mark E. Oppenlander

Roles of Phytoestrogen in the Pathophysiology of Intracranial Aneurysm, Kimihiko Yokosuka, Caleb Rutledge, Yoshinobu Kamio, Atsushi Kuwabara, Hiroki Sato, Redi Rahmani, James Purcell, Satoru Eguchi, Jacob F. Baranoski, Tigran Margaryan, Artak Tovmasyan, Jinglu Ai, Michael T. Lawton, and Tomoki Hashimoto

The Glossopharyngo-Cochlear Triangle-Part I: Quantitative Anatomic Analysis of High-Riding Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms Exposed through the Extended Retrosigmoid Approach, Xiaochun Zhao, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Komal Naeem, Evgenii Belykh, Mohamed A. Labib, Jacob F. Baranoski, Joshua S. Catapano, Justin R. Mascitelli, Mark C. Preul, and Michael T. Lawton

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Sport-Related Structural Brain Injury and Return to Play: Systematic Review and Expert Insight, Scott L. Zuckerman, Aaron M. Yengo-Kahn, Alan R. Tang, Julian E. Bailes, Kathryn Beauchamp, Mitchel S. Berger, Christopher M. Bonfield, Paul J. Camarata, Robert C. Cantu, Gavin A. Davis, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Michael J. Ellis, Hank Feuer, Eric Guazzo, Odette A. Harris, Peter Heppner, Stephen Honeybul, Geoff Manley, Joseph C. Maroon, Vincent J. Miele, Brian V. Nahed, David O. Okonkwo, Mark E. Oppenlander, Jerry Petty, H Ian Sabin, Uzma Samadani, Eric W. Sherburn, Mark Sheridan, Charles H. Tator, Nicholas Theodore, Shelly D. Timmons, and Graeme F. Woodworth

Submissions from 2020

Commentary: Prognostic Factors for Adjacent Segment Disease After L4-L5 Lumbar Fusion., Joseph M Abbatematteo and Juan S. Uribe

C3a receptor antagonist therapy is protective with or without thrombolysis in murine thromboembolic stroke., Saif Ahmad, Chirayu Pandya, Adam Kindelin, Kanchan Bhatia, Rafay Chaudhary, Alok Kumar Dwivedi, Jennifer M Eschbacher, Qiang Liu, Michael F Waters, Md Nasrul Hoda, and Andrew F. Ducruet

Another year, a new team., Felipe C. Albuquerque

Celebrating a momentous milestone., Felipe C. Albuquerque

Future endeavors., Felipe C. Albuquerque

Robotics in neurointervention: the promise and the reality., Felipe C. Albuquerque, Joshua A Hirsch, Michael Chen, and David Fiorella