The Barrow Neurological Institute is proud of its reputation as a medical research facility and is home to some of the most sophisticated research programs outside of an academic setting in the Southwestern United States. Researchers in the Barrow Neurosurgery Research Center are devoted to learning more about the causes of and treatments for a wide range of disorders, such as stroke, aneurysms, spinal cord injury, and hydrocephalus. Our research has led to treatments that are being used around the world. Within the Department are neurosurgeons who subspecialize in cerebrovascular and skull base, functional and stereotactic, pediatric, spine, tumor, and endovascular neurosurgery.

Physicians, scientists, and expert clinical staff come together with a commitment to developing new techniques for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of neurological illnesses and injuries. The leadership of internationally respected physicians keeps Barrow at the forefront of neuroscience. The compassionate expertise of its extensive staff of nurses, technologists, therapists and support personnel is evident in every aspect of care provided.

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Submissions from 2019

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Risk Factors Associated With 90-Day Readmissions After Degenerative Lumbar Fusion: An Examination of the Michigan Spine Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MSSIC) Registry, Paul Park, David R. Nerenz, Ilyas S. Aleem, Lonni R. Schultz, Michael Bazydlo, Shujie Xiao, Hesham M. Zakaria, Jason M. Schwalb, Muwaffak M. Abdulhak, Mark E. Oppenlander, and Victor W. Chang

Single Position Spinal Surgery for the Treatment of Grade II Spondylolisthesis: A Technical Note, Esteban Quiceno, Cory Hartman, Jakub Godzik, Mark A. Pacult, Courtney Hemphill, and Juan S. Uribe

Pedicled Vascularized Occipital Bone Graft to Supplement Atlantoaxial Arthrodesis for the Treatment of Pseudoarthrosis, Edward M. Reece, Aditya Vedantam, Sungho Lee, Mohin Bhadkamkar, Matthew Kaufman, Michael A. Bohl, Steve W. Chang, Randall W. Porter, Nicholas Theodore, Udaya Kumar Kakarla, and Alexander E. Ropper

Minimally Invasive Exposure of the Maxillary Artery at the Anteromedial Infratemporal Fossa, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Olivia Kola, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Halima Tabani, Xuequan Feng, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Sonia Yousef, Michael T. Lawton, and Arnau Benet

In Reply: Minimally Invasive Exposure of the Maxillary Artery at the Anteromedial Infratemporal Fossa, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Olivia Kola, Michael T. Lawton, and Arnau Benet

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Analysis of Outcomes Between Traditional Open versus Mini-Open Approach in Surgical Treatment of Spinal Metastasis, Yamaan S. Saadeh, Clay M. Elswick, Jibran A. Fateh, Brandon W. Smith, Jacob R. Joseph, Daniel E. Spratt, Mark E. Oppenlander, Paul Park, and Nicholas J. Szerlip

How to Build a Neurosurgical Oncology Practice Specializing in Gliomas, Nader Sanai

Intraoperative multimodal monitoring in pedicle subtraction osteotomies of the lumbar spine: A narrative literature review, Jianning Shao, Bryan S. Lee, Dominic Pelle, Maxwell Y. Lee, Jason Savage, Joseph E. Tanenbaum, Thomas E. Mroz, and Michael P. Steinmetz

The efficacy of intraoperative multimodal monitoring in pedicle subtraction osteotomies of the lumbar spine, Jianning Shao, Maxwell Y. Lee, Shreya Louis, Konrad Knusel, Bryan S. Lee, Dominic W. Pelle, Jason Savage, Joseph E. Tanenbaum, Thomas E. Mroz, and Michael P. Steinmetz

Accuracy in Deep Brain Stimulation Electrode Placement: A Single-Surgeon Retrospective Analysis of Sterotactic Error in Overlapping and Non-Overlapping Surgical Cases, John P. Sheehy, Tsinsue Chen, Michael A. Bohl, Michael A. Mooney, Zaman Mirzadeh, and Francisco A. Ponce

Chronic inflammation, cognitive impairment, and distal brain region alteration following intracerebral hemorrhage, Elaine Shi, Kaibin Shi, Shenfeng Qiu, Kevin N. Sheth, Michael T. Lawton, and Andrew F. Ducruet

Global brain inflammation in stroke, Kaibin Shi, De Cai Tian, Zhi Guo Li, Andrew F. Ducruet, Michael T. Lawton, and Fu Dong Shi

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Long-term outcome data from 121 patients treated with Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery as salvage therapy for focally recurrent high-grade gliomas., Cody J Smith, Marshall J Fairres, Charlotte S Myers, Kristina M Chapple, Michal Klysik, John P Karis, Emad Youssef, and Kris A Smith

Biomechanical implications of unilateral facetectomy, unilateral facetectomy plus partial contralateral facetectomy, and complete bilateral facetectomy in minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion., Laura A Snyder, Jennifer N Lehrman, Ram Kumar Menon, Jakub Godzik, Anna G U S Newcomb, and Brian P. Kelly

Postoperative management of patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak, Shawn M. Stevens, Cody J. Smith, and Michael Lawton

Epilepsy Functional Neurosurgery and Pain, Kyle I. Swanson, Kris A. Smith, Zaman Mirzadeh, and Francisco A. Ponce

Macrovascular Decompression of Facial Nerve with Anteromedial Transposition of a Dolichoectatic Vertebral Artery: 3-Dimensional Operative Video, Halima Tabani, Sonia Yousef, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Sirin Gandhi, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

Volume-outcome relationship in pediatric neurotrauma care: Analysis of two national databases, Oliver Y. Tang, James S. Yoon, Anna R. Kimata, and Michael T. Lawton

Sylvian fissure splitting revisited: Applied arachnoidal anatomy and proposition of a live practice model, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Leandro Borba Moreira, Sirin Gandhi, Mark C. Preul, and Michael T. Lawton

Anatomical assessment of the digastric branch of the facial nerve as a landmark to localize the extratemporal facial nerve trunk, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Leandro Borba Moreira, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

Transcavernous Approach to the Upper Basilar and Retroclival Area-Cadaveric Surgical Simulation Video: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Leandro Borba Moreira, Xiaochun Zhao, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

Anatomical Analysis of the Vagoaccessory Triangle and the Triangles Within: The Suprahypoglossal, Infrahypoglossal, and Hypoglossal-Hypoglossal Triangles, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Leandro Borba Moreira, Xiaochun Zhao, Mark C. Preul, and Michael T. Lawton

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Suprasellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: A case report, Edvin Telemi, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Mauricio J Avila, Ashley L. Lukefahr, Christopher Le, and G Michael Lemole

TachoSil Dural Reconstruction in Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgeries, Julia Tews, Behnam Rezai Jahromi, Christopher Ludtka, Stefan Schwan, Nakao Ota, Hans Joerg Meisel, Rokuya Tanikawa, Michael Lawton, and Felix Goehre

Commentary: Essential Neurosurgery for Medical Students., Luis M Tumialán

Cervical Template to Optimize the Plate-To-Disc Distance in Instrumented Anterior Cervical Discectomies and Fusions: Instrumentation Assessment, Luis M. Tumialán

Future Studies and Directions for the Optimization of Outcomes for Lumbar Spondylolisthesis, Luis M. Tumialán

The History of and Controversy Over Kambin's Triangle: A Historical Analysis of the Lumbar Transforaminal Corridor for Endoscopic and Surgical Approaches, Luis M. Tumialán, Karthik Madhavan, Jakub Godzik, and Michael Y. Wang

Rate of Return to Military Active Duty After Single and 2-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A 4-Year Retrospective Review., Luis M Tumialán, Ryan P Ponton, Angelina N Cooper, Wayne M Gluf, and Jeffrey M Tomlin

Commentary: The Anatomy of Disvalued Codes: The 63047 and the 22633., Luis M Tumialán, John K Ratliff, and Joseph Cheng

Development of a Simulation Model for Fluorescence-Guided Brain Tumor Surgery, Daniel Valli, Evgenii Belykh, Xiaochun Zhao, Sirin Gandhi, Claudio Cavallo, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Peter Nakaji, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

The Flower Petal Training System in Microsurgery: Validation of a Training Model Using a Randomized Controlled Trial, Victor Volovici, Ruben Dammers, Michael T. Lawton, Clemens M.F. Dirven, Tijs Ketelaar, Giuseppe Lanzino, and Dragos G. Zamfirescu

Complications for Minimally Invasive Lateral Interbody Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Prepsoas and Transpsoas Approaches, Corey T. Walker, S. Harrison Farber, Tyler S. Cole, David S. Xu, Jakub Godzik, Alexander C. Whiting, Cory Hartman, Randall W. Porter, Jay D. Turner, and Juan S. Uribe

ICAR: endoscopic skull-base surgery., Eric W Wang, Adam M Zanation, Paul A Gardner, Theodore H Schwartz, Jean Anderson Eloy, Nithin D Adappa, Martin Bettag, Benjamin S Bleier, Paolo Cappabianca, Ricardo L Carrau, Roy R Casiano, Luigi M Cavallo, Charles S Ebert, Ivan H El-Sayed, James J Evans, Juan C Fernandez-Miranda, Adam J Folbe, Sebastien Froelich, Fred Gentili, Richard J Harvey, Peter H Hwang, John A Jane, Daniel F Kelly, David Kennedy, Engelbert Knosp, Devyani Lal, John Y K Lee, James K Liu, Valerie J Lund, James N Palmer, Daniel M Prevedello, Rodney J Schlosser, Raj Sindwani, C Arturo Solares, Abtin Tabaee, Charles Teo, Parthasarathy D Thirumala, Brian D Thorp, Eduardo de Arnaldo Silva Vellutini, Ian Witterick, Bradford A Woodworth, Peter-John Wormald, and Carl H Snyderman

Intracranial–Intracranial Bypass with a Graft Vessel: A Comprehensive Review of Technical Characteristics and Surgical Experience, Long Wang, Li Cai, Hai Qian, Jianping Song, Rokuya Tanikawa, Michael Lawton, and Xiang'en Shi

The Re-Anastomosis End-To-End Bypass Technique: A Comprehensive Review of the Technical Characteristics and Surgical Experience, Long Wang, Li Cai, Hai Qian, Rokuya Tanikawa, Michael T. Lawton, and Xiang Shi

Visualization Technologies for 5-ALA-Based Fluorescence-Guided Surgeries, Linpeng Wei, David W. Roberts, Nader Sanai, and Jonathan T.C. Liu

Peri-Lead Edema After Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: A Poorly Understood but Frequent Complication, Alexander C. Whiting, Joshua S. Catapano, Corey T. Walker, Jakub Godzik, Margaret Lambert, and Francisco A. Ponce

Microsurgical Clipping of Anterior Choroidal Artery Aneurysms: A Systematic Approach to Reducing Ischemic Complications in an Experience with 146 Patients, Ethan A. Winkler, Alex Lu, Jan Karl Burkhardt, W. Caleb Rutledge, John K. Yue, Harjus S. Birk, Naif Alotaibi, Omar Choudhri, and Michael T. Lawton

Microsurgical Treatment of Recurrent Conus Medullaris Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, M. Neil Woodall and Robert F. Spetzler

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Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor in the Setting of a Ventricular Shunt: Technical Report, Andrew I. Yang, Hanane Chaibainou, Sumei Wang, Frederick L. Hitti, Brendan J. McShane, David Tilden, Matthew Korn, Aaron Blanke, Mor Dayan, Ronald L. Wolf, and Gordon H. Baltuch

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Patterns of opioid use in patients with trigeminal neuralgia undergoing neurosurgery, Andrew I. Yang, Brendan J. McShane, Frederick L. Hitti, Sukhmeet K. Sandhu, H Isaac Chen, and John Y. Lee

Radiosurgery for cerebral cavernous malformations: A word of caution, M. Yashar S Kalani, Michael T. Lawton, and Robert F. Spetzler

Volume-Cost Relationship in Neurosurgery: Analysis of 12,129,029 Admissions from the National Inpatient Sample, James S. Yoon, Oliver Y. Tang, and Michael T. Lawton

Long-Term Patency in Cerebral Revascularization Surgery: An Analysis of a Consecutive Series of 430 Bypasses, Seungwon Yoon, Jan Karl Burkhardt, and Michael T. Lawton

Kawase Approach for Dolichoectactic Basilar Artery Macrovascular Decompression in a Patient With Trigeminal Neuralgia: Case Report., Seungwon Yoon, Justin R Mascitelli, Michael A Mooney, Sirin Gandhi, Tsinsue Chen, Tyler S Cole, and Michael T. Lawton

Sodium Perturbations After Pituitary Surgery, Kevin C J Yuen, Adnan Ajmal, Ricardo Correa, and Andrew S. Little

Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations, Atif Zafar, Syed A. Quadri, Mudassir Farooqui, Asad Ikram, Myranda Robinson, Blaine L. Hart, Marc C. Mabray, Catherine Vigil, Alan T. Tang, Mark L. Kahn, Howard Yonas, Michael T. Lawton, Helen Kim, and Leslie Morrison

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The role of diffusion tensor imaging in the diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment of recovery and treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review, Orel A. Zaninovich, Mauricio J. Avila, Matthew Kay, Jennifer L. Becker, R John Hurlbert, and Nikolay L. Martirosyan

Application of Fluorescein Fluorescence in Vascular Neurosurgery, Xiaochun Zhao, Evgenii Belykh, Claudio Cavallo, Daniel Valli, Sirin Gandhi, Mark C. Preul, Peter Vajkoczy, Michael T. Lawton, and Peter Nakaji

Submissions from 2018

Rare Thymoma Metastases to the Spine: Case Reports and Review of the Literature, Rebecca L. Achey, Bryan S. Lee, Swetha Sundar, Edward C. Benzel, and Ajit A. Krishnaney

Targeted embolization of aneurysms associated with brain arteriovenous malformations at high risk for surgical resection: A case-control study, Matthew D. Alexander, Daniel S. Hippe, Daniel L. Cooke, Danial K. Hallam, Steven W. Hetts, Helen Kim, Michael T. Lawton, Laligam N. Sekhar, Louis J. Kim, and Basavaraj V. Ghodke

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Utilization of intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy in brain tumor surgery, Evgenii Belykh, Claudio Cavallo, Sirin Gandhi, Xiaochun Zhao, Damjan Veljanoski, Mohammadhassan Izady Yazdanabadi, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Jennifer Eschbacher, Mark C. Preul, and Peter Nakaji

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Microvascular Anastomosis Under 3D Exoscope or Endoscope Magnification: A Proof-Of-Concept Study, Evgenii Belykh, Laeth George, Xiaochun Zhao, Alessandro Carotenuto, Leandro Moreira, Kaan Yağmurlu, Baran Bozkurt, Vadim Byvaltsev, Peter Nakaji, and Mark Preul

Laboratory Evaluation of a Robotic Operative Microscope - Visualization Platform for Neurosurgery, Evgenii G. Belykh, Xiaochun Zhao, Claudio Cavallo, Michael A. Bohl, Kaan Yagmurlu, Joseph L. Aklinski, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Nader Sanai, Robert F. Spetzler, Michael T. Lawton, Peter Nakaji, and Mark C. Preul

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Facet Joint Fixation and Anterior, Direct Lateral, and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusions for Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Disc Diseases: Retrospective Cohort Study of a New Minimally Invasive Technique, Evgenii Belykh, Andrey A. Kalinin, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Talgat Kerimbayev, Nicholas Theodore, Mark C. Preul, and Vadim A. Byvaltsev

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Scanning Fiber Endoscope Improves Detection of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Protoporphyrin IX Fluorescence at the Boundary of Infiltrative Glioma, Evgenii Belykh, Eric J. Miller, Danying Hu, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Eric C. Woolf, Adrienne C. Scheck, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Peter Nakaji, Leonard Y. Nelson, Eric J. Seibel, and Mark C. Preul

Optical Characterization of Neurosurgical Operating Microscopes: Quantitative Fluorescence and Assessment of PpIX Photobleaching, Evgenii Belykh, Eric J. Miller, Arpan A. Patel, Baran Bozkurt, Kaan Yağmurlu, Timothy R. Robinson, Peter Nakaji, Robert F. Spetzler, Michael T. Lawton, Leonard Y. Nelson, Eric J. Seibel, and Mark C. Preul

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Diagnostic Accuracy of a Confocal Laser Endomicroscope for In Vivo Differentiation Between Normal Injured And Tumor Tissue During Fluorescein-Guided Glioma Resection: Laboratory Investigation, Evgenii Belykh, Eric J. Miller, Arpan A. Patel, Mohammedhassan Izady Yazdanabadi, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Kaan Yağmurlu, Baran Bozkurt, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Jennifer M. Eschbacher, Peter Nakaji, and Mark C. Preul

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Quantitative anatomical comparison of the ipsilateral and contralateral interhemispheric transcallosal approaches to the lateral ventricle, Evgenii Belykh, Kaan Yağmurlu, Ting Lei, Sam Safavi-Abbasi, Mark E. Oppenlander, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Robert F. Spetzler, Peter Nakaji, and Mark C. Preul

Simultaneous clipping of a basilar apex aneurysm and right middle cerebral artery aneurysm: 3-dimensional operative video, Arnau Benet, Dylan Griswold, Halima Tabani, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Sonia Yousef, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

Tentative Stacking Technique with Tandem Clipping and Bypass for an MCA Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video, Arnau Benet, Dylan Griswold, Halima Tabani, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Sonia Yousef, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

The transperiosteal "inside-out" occipital artery harvesting technique, Arnau Benet, Halima Tabani, Xinmin Ding, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Peyton Nisson, Olivia Kola, Sirin Gandhi, Sonia Yousef, and Michael T. Lawton

Clip Reconstruction of Large Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video, Arnau Benet, Halima Tabani, Dylan Griswold, Sonia Yousef, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Neuropathic Facial Pain, Sharona Ben-Haim, Zaman Mirzadeh, and William S. Rosenberg

Vascularized Spinous Process Graft Rotated on a Paraspinous Muscle Pedicle for Lumbar Fusion: Technique Description and Early Clinical Experience, Michael A. Bohl, Kaith K. Almefty, Mark C. Preul, Jay D. Turner, Udaya Kumar Kakarla, Edward M. Reece, and Steve W. Chang

Barrow Innovation Center Case Series: Early Clinical Experience with Novel Surgical Instrument Used To Prevent Intraoperative Spinal Cord Injuries., Michael A Bohl, Jacob F Baranoski, Daniel Sexton, Peter Nakaji, Laura A Snyder, U Kumar Kakarla, and Randall W Porter

Divergent Bilateral Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Cortical Screw Fixation: Description of New Trajectory for Interbody Technique From Midline Exposure, Michael A. Bohl, Randall J. Hlubek, U. Kumar Kakarla, and Steve W. Chang

Novel Surgical Treatment Strategies for Unstable Lumbar Osteodiscitis: A 3-Patient Case Series, Michael A. Bohl, Randall J. Hlubek, Jay D. Turner, Edward M. Reece, Udaya Kumar Kakarla, and Steve W. Chang

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The history of therapeutic hypothermia and its use in neurosurgery, Michael A. Bohl, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Zachary W. Killeen, Evgenii Belykh, Joseph M. Zabramski, Robert F. Spetzler, and Mark C. Preul

The Barrow Innovation Center Case Series: A Novel 3-Dimensional-Printed Retractor for Use with Electromagnetic Neuronavigation Systems., Michael A Bohl, David S Xu, Claudio Cavallo, Gabriella M Paisan, Kris A Smith, and Peter Nakaji

The Barrow Innovation Center Case Series: Early Clinical Experience With Novel Low-Cost Techniques for Bone Graft Containment in the Posterolateral Fusion Bed, Michael A. Bohl, David S. Xu, Lorin Daniels, Steve W. Chang, Peter Nakaji, Randall W. Porter, and Udaya Kumar Kakarla

Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Posterior Fossa Lesions: An Initial Experience, Hamid Borghei-Razavi, Hilary Koech, Mayur Sharma, Daria Krivosheya, Bryan S. Lee, Gene H. Barnett, and Alireza M. Mohammadi

Superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass in combination with indirect revascularization in moyamoya patients ≤ 3 years of age, Gyang Markus Bot, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Nalin Gupta, and Michael T. Lawton

Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass in a 1-Year-Old Moyamoya Patient: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Gyang Markus Bot, Sirin Gandhi, Halima Tabani, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

Quantitative Anatomic Analysis of the Transcallosal-Transchoroidal Approach and the Transcallosal-Subchoroidal Approach to the Floor of the Third Ventricle: An Anatomic Study, Baran Bozkurt, Kaan Yagmurlu, Evgenii Belykh, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Michael S. Staren, Joseph L. Aklinski, Mark C. Preul, Andrew W. Grande, Peter Nakaji, and Michael T. Lawton

Resection and permanent intracranial brachytherapy using modular, biocompatible cesium-131 implants: results in 20 recurrent, previously irradiated meningiomas., David G Brachman, Emad Youssef, Christopher J Dardis, Nader Sanai, Joseph M Zabramski, Kris A Smith, Andrew S Little, Andrew G Shetter, Theresa Thomas, Heyoung L McBride, Stephen Sorensen, Robert F Spetzler, and Peter Nakaji

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Ependymoma, Jeffrey N Bruce, David J Fusco, Neil A Feldstein, and Benjamin C Kennedy

Early Hemodynamic Changes Based on Initial Color-Coding Angiography as a Predictor for Developing Subsequent Symptomatic Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Xiaolin Chen, Ethan A. Winkler, Miriam Weiss, John K. Yue, Daniel L. Cooke, Helen Kim, and Michael T. Lawton

Anterior Clinoidectomy and Microsurgical Clipping of a Giant Thrombotic Recurrent Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysm Previously Wrapped and Stent Coiled: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Tomoya Kamide, Halima Tabani, Sirin Gandhi, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

Microsurgical resection of brain arteriovenous malformations in the elderly: Outcomes analysis and risk stratification, Jan Karl Burkhardt, George F. Lasker, Ethan A. Winkler, Helen Kim, and Michael T. Lawton

Isolated abducens nerve palsy associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: A localizing sign of ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Ethan A. Winkler, George F. Lasker, John K. Yue, and Michael T. Lawton

Contralateral Posterior Interhemispheric Approach to Deep Medial Parietooccipital Vascular Malformations: Surgical Technique and Results, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Ethan A. Winkler, and Michael T. Lawton

A2 Anterior Cerebral Artery-to-A3 Anterior Cerebral Artery Interpositional Bypass with Radial Artery Graft for a Ruptured Mycotic Fusiform Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Ethan Winkler, Halima Tabani, Sirin Gandhi, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

Combination Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass and M2-M2 Reanastomosis with Trapping of a Stented Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Sonia Yousef, Halima Tabani, Arnau Benet, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, and Michael T. Lawton

Pulmonary Complications After Spontaneous Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Experience from Barrow Neurological Institute, Claudio Cavallo, Sam Safavi-Abbasi, M. Yashar S. Kalani, Sirin Gandhi, Hai Sun, Mark E. Oppenlander, Joseph M. Zabramski, Peter Nakaji, Michael T. Lawton, and Robert F. Spetzler

Intraoperative Test Stimulation Versus Stereotactic Accuracy as a Surgical End Point: A Comparison of Essential Tremor Outcomes After Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation, Tsinsue Chen, Zaman Mirzadeh, Kristina M. Chapple, Margaret Lambert, Virgilio G. Evidente, Guillermo Moguel-Cobos, Srivadee Oravivattanakul, Padma R. Mahant, and Francisco A. Ponce

Management of early intraoperative superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass occlusion in a moyamoya patient: 3-dimensional operative video, Pedro Ribeiro da Cunha, Jonadab Dos Santos Silva, Arnau Benet, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Halima Tabani, and Michael T. Lawton

Clinical Application of an Open-Source 3D Volume Rendering Software to Neurosurgical Approaches, Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos, Marcos Devanir Silva da Costa, Ricardo Silva Centeno, Sergio Cavalheiro, Manoel Antonio de Paiva Neto, Michael T. Lawton, and Feres Chaddad-Neto

Extended Retrosigmoid Craniotomy and Clip Occlusion of a Petrosal Tentorial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (Type 5): Operative Video, Hugo L. Doria Netto, Jonadab Dos Santos Silva, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, and Michael T. Lawton

Commentary: Trends in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) Data for Graduating US Medical Students Matching in Neurosurgery., Rimal Hanif Dossani, Nimer Adeeb, and Luis M Tumialán

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Reducing inequities in preventable neural tube defects: the critical and underutilized role of neurosurgical advocacy for folate fortification, Dagoberto Estevez-Ordonez, Matthew C. Davis, and Betsy Hopson

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Hemodynamics Associated With Intracerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: The Effects of Treatment Modalities, Vernard S. Fennell, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Gursant S. Atwal, M Yashar Kalani, Francisco A. Ponce, G Michael Lemole, Travis M. Dumont, and Robert F. Spetzler

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Ependymomas Overexpress Chemoresistance and Dna Repairrelated Proteins, Sherise D. Ferguson, Shouhao Zhou, Joanne Xiu, Yuuri Hashimoto, Nader Sanai, Lyndon Kim, Santosh Kesari, John de Groot, David Spetzler, and Amy B. Heimberger

Contralateral Transfalcine Versus Ipsilateral Anterior Interhemispheric Approach for Midline Arteriovenous Malformations: Surgical and Anatomical Assessment, Sergio García-García, José Juan González-Sánchez, Sirin Gandhi, Halima Tabani, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Sofia Kakaizada, Michael T. Lawton, and Arnau Benet

Intelligent Surgeon's Arm Supporting System iArmS in Microscopic Neurosurgery Utilizing Robotic Technology, Tetsuya Goto, Kazuhiro Hongo, Toshihiro Ogiwara, Alhusain Nagm, Jun Okamoto, Yoshihiro Muragaki, Michael Lawton, Michael McDermott, and Mitchel Berger

A Multi-Institutional Analysis of the Untreated Course of Cerebral Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas, Bradley A. Gross, Felipe C. Albuquerque, Cameron G. McDougall, Brian T. Jankowitz, Ashutosh P. Jadhav, Tudor G. Jovin, and Rose Du

Spinal Cord Injury Disrupts Resting-State Networks in the Human Brain, Ammar H. Hawasli, Jerrel Rutlin, Jarod L. Roland, Rory K. Murphy, Sheng-Kwei Song, Eric C. Leuthardt, Joshua S. Shimony, and Wilson Z. Ray

Activation of JAK/STAT3 Restores NK-Cell Function and Improves Immune Defense After Brain Ischemia, Wei Na Jin, Andrew F. Ducruet, Qiang Liu, Samuel Xiang Yu Shi, Michael F. Waters, Ming Zou, Kevin N. Sheth, Rayna Gonzales, and Fu-Dong Shi

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Elevated markers of brain injury as a result of clinically asymptomatic high-acceleration head impacts in high-school football athletes, Jacob R. Joseph, Jennylee S. Swallow, Kylene Willsey, Andrew P. Lapointe, Shokoufeh Khalatbari, Frederick K. Korley, Mark E. Oppenlander, Paul Park, Nicholas J. Szerlip, and Steven P. Broglio