The Barrow Neurological Institute is proud of its reputation as a medical research facility and is home to some of the most sophisticated research programs outside of an academic setting in the Southwestern United States. Researchers in the Barrow Neurosurgery Research Center are devoted to learning more about the causes of and treatments for a wide range of disorders, such as stroke, aneurysms, spinal cord injury, and hydrocephalus. Our research has led to treatments that are being used around the world. Within the Department are neurosurgeons who subspecialize in cerebrovascular and skull base, functional and stereotactic, pediatric, spine, tumor, and endovascular neurosurgery.

Physicians, scientists, and expert clinical staff come together with a commitment to developing new techniques for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of neurological illnesses and injuries. The leadership of internationally respected physicians keeps Barrow at the forefront of neuroscience. The compassionate expertise of its extensive staff of nurses, technologists, therapists and support personnel is evident in every aspect of care provided.

Our mission is to advance the knowledge and practice of medicine in neuroscience through basic and clinical research, education of medical professionals, and innovation in clinical techniques and technology.

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Submissions from 2019

The Flower Petal Training System in Microsurgery: Validation of a Training Model Using a Randomized Controlled Trial, Victor Volovici, Ruben Dammers, Michael T. Lawton, Clemens M.F. Dirven, Tijs Ketelaar, Giuseppe Lanzino, and Dragos G. Zamfirescu

Complications for Minimally Invasive Lateral Interbody Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Prepsoas and Transpsoas Approaches, Corey T. Walker, S. Harrison Farber, Tyler S. Cole, David S. Xu, Jakub Godzik, Alexander C. Whiting, Cory Hartman, Randall W. Porter, Jay D. Turner, and Juan S. Uribe

ICAR: endoscopic skull-base surgery., Eric W Wang, Adam M Zanation, Paul A Gardner, Theodore H Schwartz, Jean Anderson Eloy, Nithin D Adappa, Martin Bettag, Benjamin S Bleier, Paolo Cappabianca, Ricardo L Carrau, Roy R Casiano, Luigi M Cavallo, Charles S Ebert, Ivan H El-Sayed, James J Evans, Juan C Fernandez-Miranda, Adam J Folbe, Sebastien Froelich, Fred Gentili, Richard J Harvey, Peter H Hwang, John A Jane, Daniel F Kelly, David Kennedy, Engelbert Knosp, Devyani Lal, John Y K Lee, James K Liu, Valerie J Lund, James N Palmer, Daniel M Prevedello, Rodney J Schlosser, Raj Sindwani, C Arturo Solares, Abtin Tabaee, Charles Teo, Parthasarathy D Thirumala, Brian D Thorp, Eduardo de Arnaldo Silva Vellutini, Ian Witterick, Bradford A Woodworth, Peter-John Wormald, and Carl H Snyderman

Intracranial–Intracranial Bypass with a Graft Vessel: A Comprehensive Review of Technical Characteristics and Surgical Experience, Long Wang, Li Cai, Hai Qian, Jianping Song, Rokuya Tanikawa, Michael Lawton, and Xiang'en Shi

The Re-Anastomosis End-To-End Bypass Technique: A Comprehensive Review of the Technical Characteristics and Surgical Experience, Long Wang, Li Cai, Hai Qian, Rokuya Tanikawa, Michael T. Lawton, and Xiang Shi

Visualization Technologies for 5-ALA-Based Fluorescence-Guided Surgeries, Linpeng Wei, David W. Roberts, Nader Sanai, and Jonathan T.C. Liu

Peri-Lead Edema After Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: A Poorly Understood but Frequent Complication, Alexander C. Whiting, Joshua S. Catapano, Corey T. Walker, Jakub Godzik, Margaret Lambert, and Francisco A. Ponce

Microsurgical Clipping of Anterior Choroidal Artery Aneurysms: A Systematic Approach to Reducing Ischemic Complications in an Experience with 146 Patients, Ethan A. Winkler, Alex Lu, Jan Karl Burkhardt, W. Caleb Rutledge, John K. Yue, Harjus S. Birk, Naif Alotaibi, Omar Choudhri, and Michael T. Lawton

Microsurgical Treatment of Recurrent Conus Medullaris Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, M. Neil Woodall and Robert F. Spetzler

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Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor in the Setting of a Ventricular Shunt: Technical Report, Andrew I. Yang, Hanane Chaibainou, Sumei Wang, Frederick L. Hitti, Brendan J. McShane, David Tilden, Matthew Korn, Aaron Blanke, Mor Dayan, Ronald L. Wolf, and Gordon H. Baltuch

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Patterns of opioid use in patients with trigeminal neuralgia undergoing neurosurgery, Andrew I. Yang, Brendan J. McShane, Frederick L. Hitti, Sukhmeet K. Sandhu, H Isaac Chen, and John Y. Lee

Radiosurgery for cerebral cavernous malformations: A word of caution, M. Yashar S Kalani, Michael T. Lawton, and Robert F. Spetzler

Volume-Cost Relationship in Neurosurgery: Analysis of 12,129,029 Admissions from the National Inpatient Sample, James S. Yoon, Oliver Y. Tang, and Michael T. Lawton

Long-Term Patency in Cerebral Revascularization Surgery: An Analysis of a Consecutive Series of 430 Bypasses, Seungwon Yoon, Jan Karl Burkhardt, and Michael T. Lawton

Kawase Approach for Dolichoectactic Basilar Artery Macrovascular Decompression in a Patient With Trigeminal Neuralgia: Case Report., Seungwon Yoon, Justin R Mascitelli, Michael A Mooney, Sirin Gandhi, Tsinsue Chen, Tyler S Cole, and Michael T. Lawton

Sodium Perturbations After Pituitary Surgery, Kevin C J Yuen, Adnan Ajmal, Ricardo Correa, and Andrew S. Little

Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations, Atif Zafar, Syed A. Quadri, Mudassir Farooqui, Asad Ikram, Myranda Robinson, Blaine L. Hart, Marc C. Mabray, Catherine Vigil, Alan T. Tang, Mark L. Kahn, Howard Yonas, Michael T. Lawton, Helen Kim, and Leslie Morrison

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The role of diffusion tensor imaging in the diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment of recovery and treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review, Orel A. Zaninovich, Mauricio J. Avila, Matthew Kay, Jennifer L. Becker, R John Hurlbert, and Nikolay L. Martirosyan

Application of Fluorescein Fluorescence in Vascular Neurosurgery, Xiaochun Zhao, Evgenii Belykh, Claudio Cavallo, Daniel Valli, Sirin Gandhi, Mark C. Preul, Peter Vajkoczy, Michael T. Lawton, and Peter Nakaji

Submissions from 2018

Rare Thymoma Metastases to the Spine: Case Reports and Review of the Literature, Rebecca L. Achey, Bryan S. Lee, Swetha Sundar, Edward C. Benzel, and Ajit A. Krishnaney

Targeted embolization of aneurysms associated with brain arteriovenous malformations at high risk for surgical resection: A case-control study, Matthew D. Alexander, Daniel S. Hippe, Daniel L. Cooke, Danial K. Hallam, Steven W. Hetts, Helen Kim, Michael T. Lawton, Laligam N. Sekhar, Louis J. Kim, and Basavaraj V. Ghodke

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Utilization of intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy in brain tumor surgery, Evgenii Belykh, Claudio Cavallo, Sirin Gandhi, Xiaochun Zhao, Damjan Veljanoski, Mohammadhassan Izady Yazdanabadi, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Jennifer Eschbacher, Mark C. Preul, and Peter Nakaji

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Microvascular Anastomosis Under 3D Exoscope or Endoscope Magnification: A Proof-Of-Concept Study, Evgenii Belykh, Laeth George, Xiaochun Zhao, Alessandro Carotenuto, Leandro Moreira, Kaan Yağmurlu, Baran Bozkurt, Vadim Byvaltsev, Peter Nakaji, and Mark Preul

Laboratory Evaluation of a Robotic Operative Microscope - Visualization Platform for Neurosurgery, Evgenii G. Belykh, Xiaochun Zhao, Claudio Cavallo, Michael A. Bohl, Kaan Yagmurlu, Joseph L. Aklinski, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Nader Sanai, Robert F. Spetzler, Michael T. Lawton, Peter Nakaji, and Mark C. Preul

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Facet Joint Fixation and Anterior, Direct Lateral, and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusions for Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Disc Diseases: Retrospective Cohort Study of a New Minimally Invasive Technique, Evgenii Belykh, Andrey A. Kalinin, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Talgat Kerimbayev, Nicholas Theodore, Mark C. Preul, and Vadim A. Byvaltsev

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Scanning Fiber Endoscope Improves Detection of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Protoporphyrin IX Fluorescence at the Boundary of Infiltrative Glioma, Evgenii Belykh, Eric J. Miller, Danying Hu, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Eric C. Woolf, Adrienne C. Scheck, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Peter Nakaji, Leonard Y. Nelson, Eric J. Seibel, and Mark C. Preul

Optical Characterization of Neurosurgical Operating Microscopes: Quantitative Fluorescence and Assessment of PpIX Photobleaching, Evgenii Belykh, Eric J. Miller, Arpan A. Patel, Baran Bozkurt, Kaan Yağmurlu, Timothy R. Robinson, Peter Nakaji, Robert F. Spetzler, Michael T. Lawton, Leonard Y. Nelson, Eric J. Seibel, and Mark C. Preul

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Diagnostic Accuracy of a Confocal Laser Endomicroscope for In Vivo Differentiation Between Normal Injured And Tumor Tissue During Fluorescein-Guided Glioma Resection: Laboratory Investigation, Evgenii Belykh, Eric J. Miller, Arpan A. Patel, Mohammedhassan Izady Yazdanabadi, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Kaan Yağmurlu, Baran Bozkurt, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Jennifer M. Eschbacher, Peter Nakaji, and Mark C. Preul

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Quantitative anatomical comparison of the ipsilateral and contralateral interhemispheric transcallosal approaches to the lateral ventricle, Evgenii Belykh, Kaan Yağmurlu, Ting Lei, Sam Safavi-Abbasi, Mark E. Oppenlander, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Vadim A. Byvaltsev, Robert F. Spetzler, Peter Nakaji, and Mark C. Preul

Simultaneous clipping of a basilar apex aneurysm and right middle cerebral artery aneurysm: 3-dimensional operative video, Arnau Benet, Dylan Griswold, Halima Tabani, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Sonia Yousef, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

Tentative Stacking Technique with Tandem Clipping and Bypass for an MCA Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video, Arnau Benet, Dylan Griswold, Halima Tabani, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Sonia Yousef, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

The transperiosteal "inside-out" occipital artery harvesting technique, Arnau Benet, Halima Tabani, Xinmin Ding, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Peyton Nisson, Olivia Kola, Sirin Gandhi, Sonia Yousef, and Michael T. Lawton

Clip Reconstruction of Large Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video, Arnau Benet, Halima Tabani, Dylan Griswold, Sonia Yousef, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Neuropathic Facial Pain, Sharona Ben-Haim, Zaman Mirzadeh, and William S. Rosenberg

Vascularized Spinous Process Graft Rotated on a Paraspinous Muscle Pedicle for Lumbar Fusion: Technique Description and Early Clinical Experience, Michael A. Bohl, Kaith K. Almefty, Mark C. Preul, Jay D. Turner, Udaya Kumar Kakarla, Edward M. Reece, and Steve W. Chang

Barrow Innovation Center Case Series: Early Clinical Experience with Novel Surgical Instrument Used To Prevent Intraoperative Spinal Cord Injuries., Michael A Bohl, Jacob F Baranoski, Daniel Sexton, Peter Nakaji, Laura A Snyder, U Kumar Kakarla, and Randall W Porter

Divergent Bilateral Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Cortical Screw Fixation: Description of New Trajectory for Interbody Technique From Midline Exposure, Michael A. Bohl, Randall J. Hlubek, U. Kumar Kakarla, and Steve W. Chang

Novel Surgical Treatment Strategies for Unstable Lumbar Osteodiscitis: A 3-Patient Case Series, Michael A. Bohl, Randall J. Hlubek, Jay D. Turner, Edward M. Reece, Udaya Kumar Kakarla, and Steve W. Chang

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The history of therapeutic hypothermia and its use in neurosurgery, Michael A. Bohl, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Zachary W. Killeen, Evgenii Belykh, Joseph M. Zabramski, Robert F. Spetzler, and Mark C. Preul

The Barrow Innovation Center Case Series: A Novel 3-Dimensional-Printed Retractor for Use with Electromagnetic Neuronavigation Systems., Michael A Bohl, David S Xu, Claudio Cavallo, Gabriella M Paisan, Kris A Smith, and Peter Nakaji

The Barrow Innovation Center Case Series: Early Clinical Experience With Novel Low-Cost Techniques for Bone Graft Containment in the Posterolateral Fusion Bed, Michael A. Bohl, David S. Xu, Lorin Daniels, Steve W. Chang, Peter Nakaji, Randall W. Porter, and Udaya Kumar Kakarla

Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Posterior Fossa Lesions: An Initial Experience, Hamid Borghei-Razavi, Hilary Koech, Mayur Sharma, Daria Krivosheya, Bryan S. Lee, Gene H. Barnett, and Alireza M. Mohammadi

Superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass in combination with indirect revascularization in moyamoya patients ≤ 3 years of age, Gyang Markus Bot, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Nalin Gupta, and Michael T. Lawton

Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass in a 1-Year-Old Moyamoya Patient: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Gyang Markus Bot, Sirin Gandhi, Halima Tabani, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

Quantitative Anatomic Analysis of the Transcallosal-Transchoroidal Approach and the Transcallosal-Subchoroidal Approach to the Floor of the Third Ventricle: An Anatomic Study, Baran Bozkurt, Kaan Yagmurlu, Evgenii Belykh, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Michael S. Staren, Joseph L. Aklinski, Mark C. Preul, Andrew W. Grande, Peter Nakaji, and Michael T. Lawton

Resection and permanent intracranial brachytherapy using modular, biocompatible cesium-131 implants: results in 20 recurrent, previously irradiated meningiomas., David G Brachman, Emad Youssef, Christopher J Dardis, Nader Sanai, Joseph M Zabramski, Kris A Smith, Andrew S Little, Andrew G Shetter, Theresa Thomas, Heyoung L McBride, Stephen Sorensen, Robert F Spetzler, and Peter Nakaji

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Ependymoma, Jeffrey N Bruce, David J Fusco, Neil A Feldstein, and Benjamin C Kennedy

Early Hemodynamic Changes Based on Initial Color-Coding Angiography as a Predictor for Developing Subsequent Symptomatic Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Xiaolin Chen, Ethan A. Winkler, Miriam Weiss, John K. Yue, Daniel L. Cooke, Helen Kim, and Michael T. Lawton

Anterior Clinoidectomy and Microsurgical Clipping of a Giant Thrombotic Recurrent Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysm Previously Wrapped and Stent Coiled: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Tomoya Kamide, Halima Tabani, Sirin Gandhi, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

Microsurgical resection of brain arteriovenous malformations in the elderly: Outcomes analysis and risk stratification, Jan Karl Burkhardt, George F. Lasker, Ethan A. Winkler, Helen Kim, and Michael T. Lawton

Isolated abducens nerve palsy associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: A localizing sign of ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Ethan A. Winkler, George F. Lasker, John K. Yue, and Michael T. Lawton

Contralateral Posterior Interhemispheric Approach to Deep Medial Parietooccipital Vascular Malformations: Surgical Technique and Results, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Ethan A. Winkler, and Michael T. Lawton

A2 Anterior Cerebral Artery-to-A3 Anterior Cerebral Artery Interpositional Bypass with Radial Artery Graft for a Ruptured Mycotic Fusiform Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Ethan Winkler, Halima Tabani, Sirin Gandhi, Arnau Benet, and Michael T. Lawton

Combination Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass and M2-M2 Reanastomosis with Trapping of a Stented Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Sonia Yousef, Halima Tabani, Arnau Benet, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, and Michael T. Lawton

Pulmonary Complications After Spontaneous Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Experience from Barrow Neurological Institute, Claudio Cavallo, Sam Safavi-Abbasi, M. Yashar S. Kalani, Sirin Gandhi, Hai Sun, Mark E. Oppenlander, Joseph M. Zabramski, Peter Nakaji, Michael T. Lawton, and Robert F. Spetzler

Intraoperative Test Stimulation Versus Stereotactic Accuracy as a Surgical End Point: A Comparison of Essential Tremor Outcomes After Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation, Tsinsue Chen, Zaman Mirzadeh, Kristina M. Chapple, Margaret Lambert, Virgilio G. Evidente, Guillermo Moguel-Cobos, Srivadee Oravivattanakul, Padma R. Mahant, and Francisco A. Ponce

Management of early intraoperative superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass occlusion in a moyamoya patient: 3-dimensional operative video, Pedro Ribeiro da Cunha, Jonadab Dos Santos Silva, Arnau Benet, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Halima Tabani, and Michael T. Lawton

Clinical Application of an Open-Source 3D Volume Rendering Software to Neurosurgical Approaches, Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos, Marcos Devanir Silva da Costa, Ricardo Silva Centeno, Sergio Cavalheiro, Manoel Antonio de Paiva Neto, Michael T. Lawton, and Feres Chaddad-Neto

Extended Retrosigmoid Craniotomy and Clip Occlusion of a Petrosal Tentorial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (Type 5): Operative Video, Hugo L. Doria Netto, Jonadab Dos Santos Silva, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, and Michael T. Lawton

Commentary: Trends in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) Data for Graduating US Medical Students Matching in Neurosurgery., Rimal Hanif Dossani, Nimer Adeeb, and Luis M Tumialán

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Reducing inequities in preventable neural tube defects: the critical and underutilized role of neurosurgical advocacy for folate fortification, Dagoberto Estevez-Ordonez, Matthew C. Davis, and Betsy Hopson

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Hemodynamics Associated With Intracerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: The Effects of Treatment Modalities, Vernard S. Fennell, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Gursant S. Atwal, M Yashar Kalani, Francisco A. Ponce, G Michael Lemole, Travis M. Dumont, and Robert F. Spetzler

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Ependymomas Overexpress Chemoresistance and Dna Repairrelated Proteins, Sherise D. Ferguson, Shouhao Zhou, Joanne Xiu, Yuuri Hashimoto, Nader Sanai, Lyndon Kim, Santosh Kesari, John de Groot, David Spetzler, and Amy B. Heimberger

Contralateral Transfalcine Versus Ipsilateral Anterior Interhemispheric Approach for Midline Arteriovenous Malformations: Surgical and Anatomical Assessment, Sergio García-García, José Juan González-Sánchez, Sirin Gandhi, Halima Tabani, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Sofia Kakaizada, Michael T. Lawton, and Arnau Benet

Intelligent Surgeon's Arm Supporting System iArmS in Microscopic Neurosurgery Utilizing Robotic Technology, Tetsuya Goto, Kazuhiro Hongo, Toshihiro Ogiwara, Alhusain Nagm, Jun Okamoto, Yoshihiro Muragaki, Michael Lawton, Michael McDermott, and Mitchel Berger

A Multi-Institutional Analysis of the Untreated Course of Cerebral Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas, Bradley A. Gross, Felipe C. Albuquerque, Cameron G. McDougall, Brian T. Jankowitz, Ashutosh P. Jadhav, Tudor G. Jovin, and Rose Du

Spinal Cord Injury Disrupts Resting-State Networks in the Human Brain, Ammar H. Hawasli, Jerrel Rutlin, Jarod L. Roland, Rory K. Murphy, Sheng-Kwei Song, Eric C. Leuthardt, Joshua S. Shimony, and Wilson Z. Ray

Activation of JAK/STAT3 Restores NK-Cell Function and Improves Immune Defense After Brain Ischemia, Wei Na Jin, Andrew F. Ducruet, Qiang Liu, Samuel Xiang Yu Shi, Michael F. Waters, Ming Zou, Kevin N. Sheth, Rayna Gonzales, and Fu-Dong Shi

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Elevated markers of brain injury as a result of clinically asymptomatic high-acceleration head impacts in high-school football athletes, Jacob R. Joseph, Jennylee S. Swallow, Kylene Willsey, Andrew P. Lapointe, Shokoufeh Khalatbari, Frederick K. Korley, Mark E. Oppenlander, Paul Park, Nicholas J. Szerlip, and Steven P. Broglio

Letter to the Editor. Radiosurgery for cerebral cavernous malformations: a word of caution, M Yashar Kalani, Michael T. Lawton, and Robert F. Spetzler

Combined Endovascular and Microsurgical Treatment of a Premotor Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, M. Yashar S. Kalani and Robert F. Spetzler

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Keyhole Contralateral Interhemispheric Endoscopic-Assisted Resection of an Ependymoma of the Third Ventricle, M Yashar Kalani, Kaan Yagmurlu, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, and Peter Nakaji

Preoperative Prediction of the Necessity for Anterior Clinoidectomy During Microsurgical Clipping of Ruptured Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms, Tomoya Kamide, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Halima Tabani, Michael M. Safaee, and Michael T. Lawton

Microsurgical Clipping of Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysms: Surgical Results and Visual Outcomes With 208 Aneurysms, Tomoya Kamide, Halima Tabani, Michael M. Safaee, Jan Karl Burkhardt, and Michael T. Lawton

Roles of nicotine in the development of intracranial aneurysm rupture, Yoshinobu Kamio, Takeshi Miyamoto, Tetsuro Kimura, Kazuha Mitsui, Hajime Furukawa, Dingding Zhang, Kimihiko Yokosuka, Masaaki Korai, Daisuke Kudo, Ronald J. Lukas, Michael T. Lawton, and Tomoki Hashimoto

Redefining lumbar spinal stenosis as a developmental syndrome: An MRI-based multivariate analysis of findings in 709 patients throughout the 16- to 82-year age spectrum, Sameer Kitab, Bryan S. Lee, and Edward C. Benzel

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Survival of Patients With Multiple Intracranial Metastases Treated With Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Does the Number of Tumors Matter?, Miriam A. Knoll, Eric K. Oermann, Andrew I. Yang, Ima Paydar, Jeremy Steinberger, Brian Collins, Sean Collins, Matthew Ewend, and Douglas Kondziolka

In reply: Contralateral anterior interhemispheric approach to medial frontal arteriovenous malformations: Surgical technique and results, Michael T. Lawton

In Reply: Passing the Needle and Pulling the Thread, Michael T. Lawton and Justin Mascitelli

Stem cell injection-induced glioneuronal lesion of the cauda equina, Bryan S. Lee, Rebecca L. Achey, Gabrielle A. Yeaney, David S. Bosler, Zarmeneh Aly, Daniel Ontaneda, John Morren, and Edward C. Benzel

Cervical spine biomechanics, Bryan S. Lee and Edward C. Benzel

Early outcomes after intrathecal baclofen therapy in ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis, Bryan S. Lee, Jaes Jones, Min Lang, Rebecca Achey, Lu Dai, Darlene A. Lobel, Sean J. Nagel, Andre G. Machado, and Francois Bethoux

Biomechanics of L5/S1 in Long Thoracolumbosacral Constructs: A Cadaveric Study, Bryan S. Lee, Kevin M. Walsh, Andrew T. Healy, Robb Colbrunn, Robert S. Butler, Ryan C. Goodwin, Michael P. Steinmetz, and Thomas E. Mroz

Treatment of an anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm with microsurgical trapping and in situ posterior inferior cerebellar artery to anterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass: Case report, Bryan S. Lee, Alex M. Witek, Nina Z. Moore, and Mark D. Bain

Identification of Therapeutic Targets in Chordoma Through Comprehensive Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses, Winnie S. Liang, Christopher Dardis, Adrienne Helland, Shobana Sekar, Jonathan Adkins, Lori Cuyugan, Daniel Enriquez, Sara Byron, and Andrew S. Little

Letter to the editor., Andrew S Little and Kevin C J Yuen

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Confocal scanning microscopy provides rapid, detailed intraoperative histological assessment of brain neoplasms: Experience with 106 cases, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Joseph Georges, Jennifer M. Eschbacher, Evgenii Belykh, Alessandro Carotenuto, Robert F. Spetzler, Peter Nakaji, and Mark C. Preul

Contralateral supracerebellar-infratentorial approach for resection of thalamic cavernous malformations, Justin Mascitelli, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Sirin Gandhi, and Michael T. Lawton

The oculomotor-tentorial triangle. Part 2: a microsurgical workspace for vascular lesions in the crural and ambient cisterns, Justin R. Mascitelli, Sirin Gandhi, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

Letter: Results of surgery for low-grade brain arteriovenous malformation resection by early career neurosurgeons: An observational study, Justin R. Mascitelli and Michael T. Lawton

Analysis of Wide-Neck Aneurysms in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial, Justin R. Mascitelli, Michael T. Lawton, Benjamin K. Hendricks, Peter Nakaji, Joseph M. Zabramski, and Robert F. Spetzler

Comprehensive Anatomic Assessment of the Pterional Orbitopterional and Orbitozygomatic Approaches for Basilar Apex Aneurysm Clipping, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Arnau Benet, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Sonia Yousef, and Michael T. Lawton

The subatlantic triangle: Gateway to early localization of the atlantoaxial vertebral artery, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Sirin Gandhi, Mark C. Preul, and Michael T. Lawton

Surgical treatment vs nonsurgical treatment for brain arteriovenous malformations in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: A retrospective multicenter consortium study, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Helen Kim, Jeffrey Nelson, Steven W. Hetts, Timo Krings, Karel G. TerBrugge, Marie E. Faughnan, and Michael T. Lawton

Revascularization of the upper posterior circulation with the anterior temporal artery: An anatomical feasibility study, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Michael T. Lawton, Dylan Griswold, Pooneh Mokhtari, Andre Payman, Halima Tabani, Sonia Yousef, and Arnau Benet

Contralateral Approach to Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: An Anatomical-Clinical Analysis to Improve Patient Selection, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Michael T. Lawton, Roberto Rodriguez Rubio, Sonia Yousef, and Arnau Benet

Analysis of Overlapping Surgery in Patients Undergoing Microsurgical Aneurysm Clipping: Acute and Long-Term Outcomes From the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial, Michael A. Mooney, Scott Brigeman, Michael A. Bohl, Elias D. Simon, John P. Sheehy, Steve W. Chang, and Robert F. Spetzler

Immediate Ex-Vivo Diagnosis of Pituitary Adenomas Using Confocal Reflectance Microscopy: A Proof-Of-Principle Study, Michael A. Mooney, Joseph Georges, Mohammedhassan Izady Yazdanabadi, Katherine Y. Goehring, William L. White, Andrew S. Little, Mark C. Preul, Stephen W. Coons, Peter Nakaji, and Jennifer M. Eschbacher

Fractional anisotropy to quantify cervical spondylotic myelopathy severity, Rory K. Murphy, Peng Sun, Rowland H. Han, Kim J. Griffin, Joanne Wagner, Chester K. Yarbrough, Neill M. Wright, Ian G. Dorward, K Daniel Riew, Michael P. Kelly, Paul Santiago, Lukas P. Zebala, Kathryn Trinkaus, Wilson Z. Ray, and Sheng-Kwei Song

Surgical approaches to chronic pain, Sean J. Nagel, Bryan S. Lee, and Andre G. Machado