The Barrow Neurological Institute is proud of its reputation as a medical research facility and is home to some of the most sophisticated research programs outside of an academic setting in the Southwestern United States. Researchers in the Barrow Neurosurgery Research Center are devoted to learning more about the causes of and treatments for a wide range of disorders, such as stroke, aneurysms, spinal cord injury, and hydrocephalus. Our research has led to treatments that are being used around the world. Within the Department are neurosurgeons who subspecialize in cerebrovascular and skull base, functional and stereotactic, pediatric, spine, tumor, and endovascular neurosurgery.
Physicians, scientists, and expert clinical staff come together with a commitment to developing new techniques for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of neurological illnesses and injuries. The leadership of internationally respected physicians keeps Barrow at the forefront of neuroscience. The compassionate expertise of its extensive staff of nurses, technologists, therapists and support personnel is evident in every aspect of care provided.
Our mission is to advance the knowledge and practice of medicine in neuroscience through basic and clinical research, education of medical professionals, and innovation in clinical techniques and technology.
Submissions from 2020
Neurointervention for emergent large vessel occlusion during the COVID-19 pandemic., David Fiorella, Kyle M Fargen, Thabele M Leslie-Mazwi, Michael Levitt, Stephen Probst, Sergio Bergese, Joshua A Hirsch, and Felipe C. Albuquerque
Single-center series of boys with recurrent strokes and rotational vertebral arteriopathy, Christine K. Fox, Heather J. Fullerton, Steven W. Hetts, Van V. Halbach, Kurtis I. Auguste, Michael T. Lawton, and Nalin Gupta
Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery recommendations for the care of emergent neurointerventional patients in the setting of COVID-19., Justin F Fraser, Adam S Arthur, Michael Chen, Michael Levitt, J Mocco, Felipe C. Albuquerque, Sameer A Ansari, Guilherme Dabus, Mahesh V Jayaraman, William J Mack, James Milburn, Maxim Mokin, Sandra Narayanan, Ajit S Puri, Adnan H Siddiqui, Jenny P Tsai, and Richard P Klucznik
Commentary: The ruptured arteriovenous malformation grading scale (RAGS): An extension of the hunt and hess scale to predict clinical outcome for patients with ruptured brain arteriovenous malformations, Fabio Frisoli and Michael T. Lawton
Left Vertebral Artery to Common Carotid Artery Transposition in a Patient With Bilateral Vertebral Insufficiency: 3-Dimensional Operative Video., Sirin Gandhi, Claudio Cavallo, Justin R Mascitelli, Michael J Nanaszko, Xiaochun Zhao, and Michael T. Lawton
Far lateral craniotomy and occlusion in situ of a lateral medullary arteriovenous malformation: 2-dimensional operative video, Sirin Gandhi, Justin R. Mascitelli, Claudio Cavallo, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton
Far Lateral Craniotomy and Occlusion In Situ of a Lateral Medullary Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Sirin Gandhi, Justin R Mascitelli, Claudio Cavallo, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton
Facial Nerve Preservation for Supraorbital Approaches: Anatomical Mapping Based on Consistent Landmarks., Sergio García-García, José Juan González-Sánchez, Sofia Kakaizada, Michael T. Lawton, and Arnau Benet
Recurrent brainstem cavernous malformations following primary resection: blind spots, fine lines, and the right-angle method, Roxanna M. Garcia, Taemin Oh, Tyler S. Cole, Benjamin K. Hendricks, and Michael T. Lawton
Letter: Preliminary National Survey Results Evaluating the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Students Pursuing Careers in Neurosurgery, Roxanna M. Garcia, Rebecca A. Reynolds, Hannah K. Weiss, Lola B. Chambless, Sandi Lam, Nader S. Dahdaleh, and Gail Rosseau
Editorial. COVID-19 and spinal surgery., Zoher Ghogawala, Shekar Kurpad, Asdrubal Falavigna, Michael W Groff, Daniel M Sciubba, Jau-Ching Wu, Paul Park, Sigurd Berven, Daniel J Hoh, Erica F Bisson, Michael P Steinmetz, Marjorie C Wang, Dean Chou, Charles A Sansur, Justin S Smith, and Luis M Tumialán
Postural stability and dynamic balance in adult spinal deformity: prospective pilot study., Jakub Godzik, Christopher W Frames, Victoria Smith Hussain, Markey C Olson, U Kumar Kakarla, Juan S. Uribe, Thurmon E Lockhart, and Jay D Turner
Surgeon and staff radiation exposure in minimally invasive spinal surgery: prospective series using a personal dosimeter., Jakub Godzik, George M Mastorakos, Gautam Nayar, William D Hunter, and Luis M Tumialán
Minimally Invasive Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Release for Anterior Column Realignment., Jakub Godzik, Bernardo de Andrada Pereira, Courtney Hemphill, Corey T Walker, Joshua T Wewel, Jay D Turner, and Juan S. Uribe
Optimizing biomechanics of anterior column realignment for minimally invasive deformity correction., Jakub Godzik, Bernardo de Andrada Pereira, Anna G U S Newcomb, Jennifer N Lehrman, Gregory M Mundis, Randall J Hlubek, Juan S. Uribe, Brian P. Kelly, and Jay D Turner
Commentary: Ten-Step Minimally Invasive Cervical Decompression Via Unilateral Tubular Laminotomy: Technical Note and Early Clinical Experience., Timothy C Gooldy and Juan S. Uribe
Clip, clip, pass: Real-world data and middle cerebral artery aneurysms, Christopher S. Graffeo and Michael T. Lawton
Resumption of Positive-Pressure Ventilation Devices for Obstructive Sleep Apnea following Transsphenoidal Surgery: An Institutional Experience of a Surgical Cohort., Nicholas Gravbrot, Heidi Jahnke, William L White, and Andrew S Little
Subcortical atrophy and motor outcomes in pallidal deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease., Moath A Hamed, Francisco A Ponce, Margaret Lambert, and Guillermo Moguel-Cobos
A3-A3 Bypass for Giant Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Cervical 7-Thoracic 3 Laminoplasty for Resection of Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Cervical Vertebral Artery to Facial Branch External Carotid Artery Bypass: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Clipping of Basilar and Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: 2-dimensional operative video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Clipping of Complex Internal Cerebral Artery Terminus Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Contralateral Interhemispheric Approach for Resection of A Meningioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Excision of a Large Complex Left Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm With a Middle Cerebral Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery and Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Far-Lateral Approach for Medullary Cavernous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Frontal Ethmoidal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Grade 4 Temporal Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Hunterian Ligation With Distal Revascularization for Management of a Previously Coiled Giant Internal Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Interhemispheric Craniotomy for Resection of Thalamic Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Interhemispheric Transfalcine Approach for Resection of Contralateral Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Internal Carotid Artery to Posterior Cerebral Artery Bypass for Fusiform Basilar Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Intraoperative Rerupture and Surgical Clipping of a Small Superiorly Projecting Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Ipsilateral Internal Carotid Artery Bifurcation Aneurysm and Contralateral Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Clipping: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Large Cervical Ependymoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Left A2 Fusiform Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Left Occipital Craniotomy for Resection of Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Left Parietal Craniotomy for Resection of Grade IV Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Left Retrosigmoid Craniotomy for Resection of Cavernous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Lenticulostriate Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Lumbar 4-5 Laminoplasty for Ligation of Dural Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Microsurgical Clipping of an Unruptured Basilar Apex Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Microsurgical Resection of Brainstem Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Modified Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy for a Previously Coiled Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Moyamoya Disease Superficial Temporal Artery-to-Middle Cerebral Artery Onlay: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Orbitozygomatic Approach Clipping of an Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy for Clipping a Complex Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy for Giant Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Posterior C2-6 Laminoplasty for Resection of Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Pterional Craniotomy for Anterior Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Recurrent Giant Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Aneurysm With Previous Coiling, Attempted Clipping Then Direct ACA-to-ACA Bypass: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Retrosigmoid Clip Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Spinal Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Supraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm Clipping Complicated by Aneurysm Dome Origin of the Anterior Choroidal Artery: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Surgical Challenges Associated With Anterior Choroidal Artery Aneurysm Clipping: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Surgical Clipping of an Unruptured Large Inferiorly Projecting Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm With Chiasmopathy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Surgical Management of a Ruptured Dissecting Anterior Cerebral Artery (A2) Aneurysm Utilizing Contralateral Frontopolar for Reconstruction: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Thoracic 11-Lumbar 1 Laminoplasty for Resection of Conus Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Transpetrous Clip Occlusion of a Giant Midbasilar Aneurysm Using Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Treatment of a Fusiform Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm With an A3-A3 Bypass: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Benjamin K Hendricks and Robert F Spetzler
Wide-neck aneurysms: Systematic review of the neurosurgical literature with a focus on definition and clinical implications, Benjamin K. Hendricks, James S. Yoon, Kurt Yaeger, Christopher P. Kellner, J. Mocco, Reade A. De Leacy, Andrew F. Ducruet, Michael T. Lawton, and Justin R. Mascitelli
Deep Brain Stimulation Is Effective for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression, Frederick L. Hitti, Andrew I. Yang, Mario A. Cristancho, and Gordon H. Baltuch
Pain Outcomes Following Microvascular Decompression for Drug-Resistant Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis., Katherine Holste, Alvin Y Chan, John D Rolston, and Dario J Englot
Mini-Open Lateral Corpectomy for Thoracolumbar Junction Lesions., Shengbin Huangxs, Peter A Christiansen, Haitao Tan, Justin S Smith, Mark E Shaffrey, Juan S. Uribe, Christopher I Shaffrey, and Chun-Po Yen
Osteolysis after cervical disc arthroplasty., Andrei Fernandes Joaquim, Nathan J Lee, Ronald A Lehman, Luis M Tumialán, and K Daniel Riew
Extracellular microRNAs in blood differentiate between ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke subtypes., M Yashar S Kalani, Eric Alsop, Bessie Meechoovet, Taylor Beecroft, Komal Agrawal, Timothy G Whitsett, Matthew J Huentelman, Robert F Spetzler, Peter Nakaji, Seungchan Kim, and Kendall Van Keuren-Jensen
Microsurgical Clipping Techniques and Outcomes for Paraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms., Tomoya Kamide, Jan-Karl Burkhardt, Halima Tabani, Michael Safaee, and Michael T. Lawton
Lumbar Lateral Recess Decompression: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Siri Sahib Khalsa, Yamaan S. Saadeh, Timothy J. Yee, Michael J. Strong, Brandon W. Smith, and Mark E. Oppenlander
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Children with HHT, Alexandra Kilian, Giuseppe A. Latino, Andrew J. White, Dewi Clark, Murali M. Chakinala, Felix Ratjen, Jamie McDonald, Kevin Whitehead, James R. Gossage, Doris Lin, Katharine Henderson, Jeffrey Pollak, Justin P. McWilliams, Helen Kim, Michael T. Lawton, and Marie E. Faughnan
Laser Ablation of Abnormal Neurological Tissue Using Robotic NeuroBlate System (LAANTERN): 12-Month Outcomes and Quality of Life After Brain Tumor Ablation., Albert H Kim, Steven Tatter, Ganesh Rao, Sujit Prabhu, Clark Chen, Peter Fecci, Veronica Chiang, Kris A Smith, Brian J Williams, Alireza M Mohammadi, Kevin Judy, Andrew Sloan, Zulma Tovar-Spinoza, James Baumgartner, Constantinos Hadjipanayis, and Eric C Leuthardt
The endoscopic endonasal eustachian tube anterolateral mobilization strategy: minimizing the cost of the extreme-medial approach., Mohamed A Labib, Evgenii Belykh, Claudio Cavallo, Xiaochun Zhao, Daniel M Prevedello, Ricardo L Carrau, Andrew S Little, Mauro A T Ferreira, Mark C Preul, A Samy Youssef, and Peter Nakaji
Anterior cerebral artery bypass for complex aneurysms: advances in intracranial-intracranial bypass techniques., Mohamed A Labib, Sirin Gandhi, Claudio Cavallo, Peyton L Nisson, Michael A Mooney, Joshua S Catapano, Michael J Lang, Tsinsue Chen, and Michael T. Lawton
The side door and front door to the upper retroclival region: A comparative analysis of the open pretemporal and the endoscopic endonasal transcavernous approaches, Mohamed A. Labib, Leandro Borba Moreira, Xiaochun Zhao, Sirin Gandhi, Claudio Cavallo, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, A. Samy Youssef, Andrew S. Little, Peter Nakaji, Mark C. Preul, and Michael T. Lawton
Advances in Intraoperative Optics: A Brief Review of Current Exoscope Platforms., David J Langer, Timothy G White, Michael Schulder, John A Boockvar, Mohamed Labib, and Michael T. Lawton
Reimplantation Bypass Using One Limb of a Double-Origin Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery for Treatment of a Ruptured Fusiform Aneurysm: Case Report., Michael J Lang, Joshua S Catapano, Gabriella M Paisan, Stefan W Koester, Tyler S Cole, Mohamed A Labib, James J Zhou, Vance L Fredrickson, Fabio A Frisoli, and Michael T. Lawton
Side-to-Side Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass Technique: Application of Fourth Generation Bypass in a Case of Adult Moyamoya Disease., Michael J Lang, Peter Kan, Jacob F Baranoski, and Michael T. Lawton
Erratum. Incidence, classification, and treatment of angiographically occult intracranial aneurysms found during microsurgical aneurysm clipping of known aneurysms., Michael T. Lawton
Perspective: Edwin Boldrey and Penfield's Homunculus., Richard Leblanc and Mark C Preul
Radiation exposure and avoidance in minimally invasive spine surgery, Bryan S. Lee, Dominic W. Pelle, Nicholas R. Arnold, and Thomas E. Mroz
Three-Dimensionally Printed Microelectromechanical-System Hydrogel Valve for Communicating Hydrocephalus., Seunghyun Lee, Ruth E Bristol, Mark C Preul, and Junseok Chae
Evaluation of Surgical Resection Goal and Its Relationship to Extent of Resection and Patient Outcomes in a Multicenter Prospective Study of Patients With Surgically Treated, Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas: A Case Series., Andrew S Little, Michael R Chicoine, Daniel F Kelly, Christina E Sarris, Michael A Mooney, William L White, Paul A Gardner, Juan C Fernandez-Miranda, Garni Barkhoudarian, James P Chandler, Daniel M Prevedello, Brandon D Liebelt, John Sfondouris, and Marc R Mayberg
Prone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Case Report and Technical Note, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Juan S. Uribe, Blake M. Randolph, and Russell I. Buchanan
Placement of Guide-Wireless Sharp Percutaneous Pedicle Screws Utilizing Computed Tomography-Navigation and Sentinel Fluoroscopy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Joshua T. Wewel, and Juan S. Uribe
Excision and Primary Reanastomosis of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery for Treatment of a Ruptured Mycotic Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Justin Mascitelli, Sirin Gandhi, Claudio Cavallo, Jacob Baranoski, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton
"Reverse Picket Fence" Technique for Clipping of a Large, Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Justin Mascitelli, Sirin Gandhi, Claudio Cavallo, Douglas A Hardesty, and Michael T. Lawton
External Validation of the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage International Trialists (SAHIT) Predictive Model Using the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) Cohort., Justin R Mascitelli, Tyler Cole, Seungwon Yoon, Peter Nakaji, Felipe C. Albuquerque, Cameron G McDougall, Joseph M Zabramski, Michael T. Lawton, and Robert F Spetzler
An a3-Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery to p3-Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Bypass With Thrombectomy and Trapping of an Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video., Justin R Mascitelli, Sirin Gandhi, Jacob F Baranoski, Michael J Lang, and Michael T. Lawton
Microsurgical Management of Intracranial Aneurysms After Failed Flow Diversion, Nnenna Mbabuike, Sophia F. Shakur, Kelly Gassie, Visish Srinivasan, Justin Mascitelli, Adib Abla, Edward Duckworth, Peter Kan, Georgios A. Zenonos, Clemens Schirmer, Fady T. Charbel, Evandro de Olivera, Jacques J. Morcos, Michael Lawton, and Rabih G. Tawk
In Reply: Growth of Lumbosacral Perineural (Tarlov) Cysts: A Natural History Analysis, Kobina G. Mensah-Brown, Andrew I. Yang, and William C. Welch
Retromastoid-transmuscular identification and harvest of the occipital artery during retrosigmoid craniotomy, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Michael T. Lawton, Leandro Borba Moreira, Xiaochun Zhao, Michael J. Lang, Peter Nakaji, and Mark C. Preul
Interdural course of the ophthalmic artery in the optic canal, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Leandro Borba Moreira, Michael T. Lawton, Jennifer M. Eschbacher, Evgenii G. Belykh, Michelle M. Felicella, and Mark C. Preul
Zygomatic-meatal perpendicular projection lines: bony landmarks for early identification of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle., Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Xiaochun Zhao, Leandro Borba Moreira, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C Preul
TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor 4) Mediates the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture., Kazuha Mitsui, Taichi Ikedo, Yoshinobu Kamio, Hajime Furukawa, Michael T. Lawton, and Tomoki Hashimoto
Effects of implantation of a deep brain stimulation device on patient weight in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor., Nikolas R Monteferrante, Brian G Wilhelmi, Margaret Lambert, and Francisco A Ponce
Endoscope-Assisted, Transmastoid, High Cervical Approach for Resection of a Jugular Foramen Schwannoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Michael A Mooney and Kaith K Almefty
Three-Dimensional Printed Models for Lateral Skull Base Surgical Training: Anatomy and Simulation of the Transtemporal Approaches., Michael A Mooney, Claudio Cavallo, James J Zhou, Michael A Bohl, Evgenii Belykh, Sirin Gandhi, Sarah McBryan, Shawn M Stevens, Michael T. Lawton, Kaith K Almefty, and Peter Nakaji
Clinical outcomes after revascularization for pediatric moyamoya disease and syndrome: A single-center series, Ramin A. Morshed, Adib A. Abla, Daniel Murph, Jasmin M. Dao, Ethan A. Winkler, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Kathleen Colao, Steven W. Hetts, Heather J. Fullerton, Michael T. Lawton, Nalin Gupta, and Christine K. Fox
Letter: Safety Instructions for Neurosurgeons During COVID-19 Pandemic Based on Recent Knowledge and Experience., Sajjad Muhammad, Rokuya Tanikawa, Michael T. Lawton, Mika Niemelä, and Daniel Hänggi
Letter: Safety Instructions for Neurosurgeons During COVID-19 Pandemic Based on Recent Knowledge and Experience, Sajjad Muhammad, Rokuya Tanikawa, Michael T. Lawton, Mika Niemelä, and Daniel Hänggi