The Barrow Neurological Institute is proud of its reputation as a medical research facility and is home to some of the most sophisticated research programs outside of an academic setting in the Southwestern United States. Researchers in the Barrow Neurosurgery Research Center are devoted to learning more about the causes of and treatments for a wide range of disorders, such as stroke, aneurysms, spinal cord injury, and hydrocephalus. Our research has led to treatments that are being used around the world. Within the Department are neurosurgeons who subspecialize in cerebrovascular and skull base, functional and stereotactic, pediatric, spine, tumor, and endovascular neurosurgery.

Physicians, scientists, and expert clinical staff come together with a commitment to developing new techniques for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of neurological illnesses and injuries. The leadership of internationally respected physicians keeps Barrow at the forefront of neuroscience. The compassionate expertise of its extensive staff of nurses, technologists, therapists and support personnel is evident in every aspect of care provided.

Our mission is to advance the knowledge and practice of medicine in neuroscience through basic and clinical research, education of medical professionals, and innovation in clinical techniques and technology.

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Submissions from 2021

Dissecting Fusiform PICA Aneurysm Repair With Trapping and an Unconventional End-to-Side Reanastomosis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Fabio A. Frisoli, Joshua S. Catapano, Rohin Singh, and Michael T. Lawton

Somatic mosaicism in the MAPK pathway in sporadic brain arteriovenous malformation and association with phenotype, Sen Gao, Jeffrey Nelson, Shantel Weinsheimer, Ethan A. Winkler, Caleb Rutledge, Adib A. Abla, Nalin Gupta, Joseph T. Shieh, Daniel L. Cooke, Steven W. Hetts, Tarik Tihan, Christopher P. Hess, Nerissa Ko, Brian P. Walcott, Charles E. McCulloch, Michael T. Lawton, Hua Su, Ludmila Pawlikowska, and Helen Kim

Commentary: Predicting Spinal Surgery Candidacy from Imaging Data Using Machine Learning, Timothy C. Gooldy and Laura A. Snyder

Perioperative and swallowing outcomes in patients undergoing 4- And 5-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, S. Harrison Farber, David J. Mauler, Soumya Sagar, Mark A. Pacult, Corey T. Walker, Michael A. Bohl, Laura A. Snyder, Kristina M. Chapple, Volker K.H. Sonntag, Juan S. Uribe, Jay D. Turner, Steve W. Chang, and U. Kumar Kakarla

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Deep Brain Stimulation of the Ventral Capsule/Ventral Striatum for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Decade of Clinical Follow-Up, Frederick L. Hitti, Mario A. Cristancho, Andrew I. Yang, John P. O'Reardon, Mahendra T. Bhati, and Gordon H. Baltuch

Nancy Davis Reagan, First Lady with a neurosurgical legacy, Lena Mary Houlihan, Ann J. Staudinger Knoll, Jubran H. Jubran, Dara S. Farhadi, Dimitri Benner, Joseph M. Zabramski, Michael T. Lawton, Robert F. Spetzler, and Mark C. Preul

Transorbital Neuroendoscopic Surgery as a Mainstream Neurosurgical Corridor: A Systematic Review, Lena Mary Houlihan, Ann J. Staudinger Knoll, Pramath Kakodkar, Xiaochun Zhao, Michael G.J. O'Sullivan, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

Cyclo-oxygenase 2, a putative mediator of vessel remodeling, is expressed in the brain AVM vessels and associates with inflammation, Sara Keränen, Santeri Suutarinen, Rahul Mallick, Johanna P. Laakkonen, Diana Guo, Ludmila Pawlikowska, Behnam Rezai Jahromi, Tuomas Rauramaa, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala, Doug Marchuk, Timo Krings, Timo Koivisto, Michael Lawton, Ivan Radovanovic, Helen Kim, Marie E. Faughnan, and Juhana Frösen

Letter to the Editor Regarding "The Impact of Work-Related Factors on Risk of Resident Burnout: A Global Neurosurgery Pilot Study", Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, Anna R. Kimata, Kevin L. Ma, Clinton D. Morgan, Alexander C. Whiting, and Michael T. Lawton

In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding “COVID-19 and Neurosurgery Consultation Call Volume at a Single Large Tertiary Center with a Propensity-Adjusted Analysis”, Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, and Michael T. Lawton

In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "COVID-19 and Neurosurgery Consultation Call Volume at a Single Large Tertiary Center with a Propensity-Adjusted Analysis", Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, and Michael T. Lawton

COVID-19 and Neurosurgery Consultation Call Volume at a Single Large Tertiary Center With a Propensity-Adjusted Analysis, Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, Kevin L. Ma, Anna R. Kimata, Joseph M. Abbatematteo, Corey T. Walker, Tyler S. Cole, Alexander C. Whiting, Francisco A. Ponce, and Michael T. Lawton

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture, Masaaki Korai, James Purcell, Yoshinobu Kamio, Kazuha Mitsui, Hajime Furukawa, Kimihiko Yokosuka, Takeshi Miyamoto, Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, Satoru Eguchi, Jinglu Ai, Michael T. Lawton, and Tomoki Hashimoto

Impact of vestibular nerve preservation on facial and hearing outcomes in small vestibular schwannoma surgery: a technical feasibility study, Mohamed A. Labib, Mizuho Inoue, Renee M. Banakis Hartl, Stephen Cass, Samuel Gubbels, Michael T. Lawton, and A. Samy Youssef

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can predispose young to Intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective observational study, Michael T. Lawton, Ehsan Alimohammadi, Seyed Reza Bagheri, Arash Bostani, Siavash Vaziri, Ali Karbasforoushan, Kossar Mozaffari, Mehran Bahrami Bukani, and Alireza Abdi

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Differences in outcomes of mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation by country income level: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Jacob R. Lepard, Riccardo Spagiari, Jacquelyn Corley, Ernest J. Barthélemy, Eliana Kim, Rolvix Patterson, Sara Venturini, Megan E. Still, Yu Tung Lo, Gail Rosseau, Rania A. Mekary, and Kee B. Park

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Pharmacologic and Cell-Based Therapies for Acute Spinal Cord Injury, Nikolay L. Martirosyan

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Standardizing postoperative care for pediatric intradural Chiari decompressions to decrease length of stay, David J. Mazur-Hart, Stephen G. Bowden, Brandi W. Pang, Nasser K. Yaghi, Joseph G. Nugent, Laurie D. Yablon, Wendy O. Domreis, Erika T. Ohm, and Christina M. Sayama

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Safety assessment of intraparenchymal central nervous system biopsies: Single institution healthcare value review, David J. Mazur-Hart, Nasser K. Yaghi, Jo Ling Goh, Yimo Lin, and Seunggu Han

Robotics in spine surgery: A systematic review, Daniel M. McKenzie, Alison M. Westrup, Christen M. O'Neal, Benjamin J. Lee, Helen H. Shi, Ian F. Dunn, Laura A. Snyder, and Zachary A. Smith

Learning microvascular anastomosis: Analysis of practice patterns, Pooneh Mokhtari, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, and Michael T. Lawton

Vascular Macrophages as Therapeutic Targets to Treat Intracranial Aneurysms, Sajjad Muhammad, Shafqat Rasul Chaudhry, Gergana Dobreva, Michael T. Lawton, Mika Niemelä, and Daniel Hänggi

The effect of Gamma Knife radiosurgery on large posterior fossa metastases and the associated mass effect from peritumoral edema, Bahaeddin A. Muhsen, Krishna C. Joshi, Bryan S. Lee, Bicky Thapa, Hamid Borghei-Razavi, Xuefei Jia, Gene H. Barnett, Samuel T. Chao, Alireza M. Mohammadi, John H. Suh, Michael A. Vogelbaum, and Lilyana Angelov

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Navigation and Robotic-Assisted Single-Position Prone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Technique, Feasibility, Safety, and Case Series, Robert Y. North, Michael J. Strong, Timothy J. Yee, Osama N. Kashlan, Mark E. Oppenlander, and Paul Park

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Lateral Interbody Fusion at L4/5: Management of the Transitional Psoas, Ifije E. Ohiorhenuan, Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Joshua T. Wewel, Soumya Sagar, and Juan S. Uribe

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Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia: A Case Report of a Red Herring, Brannan E. O'Neill, Nasser K. Yaghi, Maryam N. Shahin, Olabisi R. Sanusi, Justin S. Cetas, and Aclan Dogan

Extended Retrosigmoid Craniotomy and Approach Through the Glossopharyngeal Cochlear Triangle for Clipping of a High-Riding Vertebral-Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Geoffrey W. Peitz, Ryan A. McDermott, Jacob F. Baranoski, Michael T. Lawton, and Justin R. Mascitelli

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Theta Synchrony Is Increased near Neural Populations That Are Active When Initiating Instructed Movement, Ashwin G. Ramayya, Andrew I. Yang, Vivek P. Buch, John F. Burke, Andrew G. Richardson, Cameron Brandon, Joel M. Stein, Kathryn A. Davis, H Isaac Chen, Alexander Proekt, Max B. Kelz, Brian Litt, Joshua I. Gold, and Timothy H. Lucas

PIK3CA and CCM mutations fuel cavernomas through a cancer-like mechanism, Aileen A. Ren, Daniel A. Snellings, Yourong S. Su, Courtney C. Hong, Marco Castro, Alan T. Tang, Matthew R. Detter, Nicholas Hobson, Romuald Girard, Sharbel Romanos, Rhonda Lightle, Thomas Moore, Robert Shenkar, Christian Benavides, M. Makenzie Beaman, Helge Müller-Fielitz, Mei Chen, Patricia Mericko, Jisheng Yang, Derek C. Sung, Michael T. Lawton, J. Michael Ruppert, Markus Schwaninger, Jakob Körbelin, Michael Potente, Issam A. Awad, Douglas A. Marchuk, and Mark L. Kahn

Decompressive Craniectomy and Risk of Wound Infection After Microsurgical Treatment of Ruptured Aneurysms, Kavelin Rumalla, Joshua S. Catapano, Visish M. Srinivasan, Abby Lawson, Mohamed A. Labib, Jacob F. Baranoski, Tyler S. Cole, Candice L. Nguyen, Caleb Rutledge, Redi Rahmani, Joseph M. Zabramski, and Michael T. Lawton

Response To "Hemoglobin Concentration May Influence the Incidence of Postoperative Transient Neurological Events in Patients With Moyamoya After Extracranial-intracranial Arterial Bypass: A Retrospective Single Center Experience", Kavelin Rumalla, Visish M. Srinivasan, Joshua S. Catapano, and Michael T. Lawton

Cavernous Malformation Surgery in the United States: Validation of a Novel International Classification of Disease, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification Code Search Algorithm and Volume-Driven Surgical Outcomes, Kavelin Rumalla, Visish M. Srinivasan, Monica Gaddis, Svetlana Kvint, Akash J. Patel, Peter Kan, Michael T. Lawton, and Jan-Karl Burkhardt

Sensitivity of the Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Treatment Score (UIATS) in the Elderly: Retrospective Analysis of Ruptured Aneurysms, Caleb Rutledge, Daniel M.S. Raper, Soren Jonzzon, Kunal P. Raygor, Matheus Prado Pereira, Ethan A. Winkler, Li Zhang, Michael T. Lawton, and Adib A. Abla

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Commentary: Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion From L2 to S1: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Yamaan S. Saadeh, Michael J. Strong, Whitney E. Muhlestein, Timothy J. Yee, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Regression of Multiple Meningiomas after Discontinuation of Chronic Hormone Therapy: A Case Report, Maryam N. Shahin, Stephen G. Bowden, Nasser K. Yaghi, Jacob H. Bagley, Seunggu J. Han, Elena V. Varlamov, Marjorie R. Grafe, and Justin S. Cetas

Minipterional Transsylvian Approach for Resection of a Cavernous Malformation in the Optic Chiasm, Rohin Singh, Visish M. Srinivasan, and Michael T. Lawton

Multicenter Research Data of Epilepsy Management in Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome, Lindsay F. Smegal, Alison J. Sebold, Adrienne M. Hammill, Csaba Juhász, Warren D. Lo, Daniel K. Miles, Angus A. Wilfong, Alex V. Levin, Brian Fisher, Karen L. Ball, Anna L. Pinto, Anne M. Comi, Jim I. Koenig, Michael T. Lawton, Douglas A. Marchuk, Marsha A. Moses, Sharon F. Freedman, and Jonathan Pevsner

Microsurgical Management of a Marginal Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Visish M. Srinivasan, Joshua S. Catapano, Fabio A. Frisoli, Michael A. Mooney, and Michael T. Lawton

Commentary: External Validation of the R2eD AVM Score to Predict the Likelihood of Rupture Presentation of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations, Visish M. Srinivasan and Michael T. Lawton

Arteriovenous malformations in the optic apparatus: systematic literature review and report of four cases, Visish M. Srinivasan, Phiroz E. Tarapore, Stefan W. Koester, Joshua S. Catapano, Caleb Rutledge, Kunal P. Raygor, and Michael T. Lawton

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Treatment planning system and beam data validation for the ZAP-X: A novel self-shielded stereotactic radiosurgery system, Shiv P. Srivastava, Shyam S. Jani, Dilini S. Pinnaduwage, Xiangsheng Yan, Leland Rogers, F David Barranco, Igor J. Barani, and Stephen Sorensen

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Commentary: Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Discectomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Michael J. Strong, Whitney E. Muhlestein, Timothy J. Yee, Yamaan S. Saadeh, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Commentary: Decompression of a Dorsal Arachnoid Web of the Spine: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Michael J. Strong, Robert Y. North, Timothy J. Yee, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Pre- and intraoperative thoracic spine localization techniques: a systematic review, Michael J. Strong, Julianne Santarosa, Timothy P. Sullivan, Noojan Kazemi, Jacob R. Joseph, Osama N. Kashlan, Mark E. Oppenlander, Nicholas J. Szerlip, Paul Park, and Clay M. Elswick

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Lumbar Laminoplasty for Resection of Myxopapillary Ependymoma of the Conus Medullaris: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Michael J. Strong, Timothy J. Yee, Siri Sahib Khalsa, Yamaan S. Saadeh, Robert North, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Commentary: Single- Versus Dual-Attending-Surgeon Approach for Spine Deformity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Michael J. Strong, Timothy J. Yee, Robert Y. North, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Spinal arthrodesis via lumbar interbody fusion without direct decompression as a treatment for recurrent radicular pain due to epidural fibrosis: patient series, Kevin Swong, Michael J. Strong, Jay K. Nathan, Timothy J. Yee, Brandon W. Smith, Paul Park, and Mark E. Oppenlander

The Impact of Interhospital Competition on Treatment Strategy and Outcomes for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms, Oliver Y. Tang, James S. Yoon, Wesley M. Durand, Shaan A. Ahmed, and Michael T. Lawton

Coding cerebral bypasses: a proposed nomenclature to better describe bypass constructs and revascularization techniques, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Arjun Gadhyia, Leandro Borba Moreira, and Michael T. Lawton

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Corrigendum: Perforating Arteries of the Lemniscal Trigone: A Microsurgical Neuroanatomic Description, Santino Ottavio Tomasi, Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana, Gianluca Scalia, Roberto Luis Rubio-Rodriguez, Giuseppe Raudino, Julian Rechberger, Philipp Geiger, Bipin Chaurasia, Kaan Yagmurlu, Michael T. Lawton, and Peter A. Winkler

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The Superficial Anastomosing Veins of the Human Brain Cortex: A Microneurosurgical Anatomical Study, S Ottavio Tomasi, Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana, Gianluca Scalia, Giuseppe Raudino, Francesca Graziano, Paolo Palmisciano, Stefano M. Priola, Pier Francesco Cappai, Crescenzo Capone, Peter M. Lawrence, Christian A. Erös, Klaus D. Martin, Bipin Chaurasia, Rosario Maugeri, Gerardo Iacopino, Valerio Da Ros, Michael T. Lawton, Christoph J. Griessenauer, and Peter A. Winkler

Partial Gyrus Rectus Resection as a Technique to Improve the Exposure to the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex through the Junctional Triangle: A Quantitative Study, Daniel Valli, Xiaochun Zhao, Evgenii Belykh, Qing Sun, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C. Preul

Mean arterial pressure maintenance following spinal cord injury: Does meeting the target matter?, Jordan A. Weinberg, S. Harrison Farber, Louay D. Kalamchi, Scott T. Brigeman, Michael A. Bohl, Bianca M. Varda, Natasha A. Sioda, John J. Radosevich, Kristina M. Chapple, and Laura A. Snyder

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The what and when of olfactory working memory in humans, Andrew I. Yang, Gulce N. Dikecligil, Heidi Jiang, Sandhitsu R. Das, Joel M. Stein, Stephan U. Schuele, Joshua M. Rosenow, Kathryn A. Davis, Timothy H. Lucas, and Jay A. Gottfried

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Patient-specific effects on sonication heating efficiency during magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy, Andrew I. Yang, Frederick L. Hitti, Opeyemi O. Alabi, Disha Joshi, Hanane Chaibainou, Lenora Henry, Ryan Clanton, and Gordon H. Baltuch

Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Women with Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Rupture during Pregnancy, Kimberly L. Yan, Nerissa U. Ko, Steven W. Hetts, Shantel Weinsheimer, Adib A. Abla, Michael T. Lawton, and Helen Kim

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Survival, fusion, and hardware failure after surgery for spinal metastatic disease, Timothy J. Yee, Yamaan S. Saadeh, Michael J. Strong, Ayobami L. Ward, Clay M. Elswick, Sudharsan Srinivasan, Paul Park, Mark E. Oppenlander, Daniel E. Spratt, William C. Jackson, and Nicholas J. Szerlip

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Commentary: Single-Position Surgery: Prone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Timothy J. Yee, Michael J. Strong, Robert Y. North, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Commentary: Two-Level Minimally Invasive Lumbar Laminectomy and Foraminotomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Timothy J. Yee, Michael J. Strong, and Mark E. Oppenlander

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Cervical 1-2 Posterior Instrumented Fusion Utilizing Computer-Assisted Navigation With Harvest of Rib Strut Autograft: 2-Dimensional Operative Video, Timothy J. Yee, Michael J. Strong, Matthew S. Willsey, and Mark E. Oppenlander

Roles of Phytoestrogen in the Pathophysiology of Intracranial Aneurysm, Kimihiko Yokosuka, Caleb Rutledge, Yoshinobu Kamio, Atsushi Kuwabara, Hiroki Sato, Redi Rahmani, James Purcell, Satoru Eguchi, Jacob F. Baranoski, Tigran Margaryan, Artak Tovmasyan, Jinglu Ai, Michael T. Lawton, and Tomoki Hashimoto

The Glossopharyngo-Cochlear Triangle-Part I: Quantitative Anatomic Analysis of High-Riding Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms Exposed through the Extended Retrosigmoid Approach, Xiaochun Zhao, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Komal Naeem, Evgenii Belykh, Mohamed A. Labib, Jacob F. Baranoski, Joshua S. Catapano, Justin R. Mascitelli, Mark C. Preul, and Michael T. Lawton

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Sport-Related Structural Brain Injury and Return to Play: Systematic Review and Expert Insight, Scott L. Zuckerman, Aaron M. Yengo-Kahn, Alan R. Tang, Julian E. Bailes, Kathryn Beauchamp, Mitchel S. Berger, Christopher M. Bonfield, Paul J. Camarata, Robert C. Cantu, Gavin A. Davis, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Michael J. Ellis, Hank Feuer, Eric Guazzo, Odette A. Harris, Peter Heppner, Stephen Honeybul, Geoff Manley, Joseph C. Maroon, Vincent J. Miele, Brian V. Nahed, David O. Okonkwo, Mark E. Oppenlander, Jerry Petty, H Ian Sabin, Uzma Samadani, Eric W. Sherburn, Mark Sheridan, Charles H. Tator, Nicholas Theodore, Shelly D. Timmons, and Graeme F. Woodworth

Submissions from 2020

Commentary: Prognostic Factors for Adjacent Segment Disease After L4-L5 Lumbar Fusion., Joseph M Abbatematteo and Juan S. Uribe

C3a receptor antagonist therapy is protective with or without thrombolysis in murine thromboembolic stroke., Saif Ahmad, Chirayu Pandya, Adam Kindelin, Kanchan Bhatia, Rafay Chaudhary, Alok Kumar Dwivedi, Jennifer M Eschbacher, Qiang Liu, Michael F Waters, Md Nasrul Hoda, and Andrew F. Ducruet

Another year, a new team., Felipe C. Albuquerque

Celebrating a momentous milestone., Felipe C. Albuquerque

Future endeavors., Felipe C. Albuquerque

Robotics in neurointervention: the promise and the reality., Felipe C. Albuquerque, Joshua A Hirsch, Michael Chen, and David Fiorella

Early postoperative MRI and detection of residual adenoma after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery., Lea M Alhilali, Andrew S Little, Kevin C J Yuen, Jae Lee, Timothy K Ho, Saeed Fakhran, and William L White

Direct Repair of Iatrogenic Vertebral Artery Injury Associated With Anterior Cervical Corpectomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Rami O Almefty, Felipe C. Albuquerque, Robert F Spetzler, and Jay D Turner

Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Congenital Cervical Spinal Stenosis., Karam Atli, Vikram Chakravarthy, Aleem I Khan, Don Moore, Michael P Steinmetz, and Thomas E Mroz

Protein Expression and Functional Relevance of Efflux and Uptake Drug Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier of Human Brain and Glioblastoma., Xun Bao, Jianmei Wu, Youming Xie, Seongho Kim, Sharon Michelhaugh, Jun Jiang, Sandeep Mittal, Nader Sanai, and Jing Li

Clip retraction of the tentorium: application of a novel technique for tentorial retraction during supracerebellar transtentorial approaches., Jacob F Baranoski, Ankush Bajaj, Colin J Przybylowski, Joshua S Catapano, Fabio A Frisoli, Michael J Lang, and Michael T Lawton

Combining Stereoscopic Video and Virtual Reality Simulation to Maximize Education in Lateral Skull Base Surgery., Samuel R Barber, Saurabh Jain, Michael A Mooney, Kaith K Almefty, Michael T. Lawton, Young-Jun Son, and Shawn M Stevens

Combining Stereoscopic Video and Virtual Reality Simulation to Maximize Education in Lateral Skull Base Surgery, Samuel R. Barber, Saurabh Jain, Michael A. Mooney, Kaith K. Almefty, Michael T. Lawton, Young Jun Son, and Shawn M. Stevens

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Telemedicine in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Neurosurgical Perspective, Rachel Blue, Andrew I. Yang, Cecilia Zhou, Emma De Ravin, Clare W. Teng, Gabriel R. Arguelles, Vincent Huang, Connor Wathen, Stephen P. Miranda, Paul Marcotte, Neil R. Malhotra, William C. Welch, and John Y. Lee

In Reply: The Living Spine Model: A Biomimetic Surgical Training and Education Tool., Michael A Bohl and U Kumar Kakarla

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Range of Motion Testing of a Novel 3D-Printed Synthetic Spine Model., Michael A Bohl, Sarah McBryan, Anna G U S Newcomb, Jennifer N Lehrman, Brian P. Kelly, Peter Nakaji, Steve W Chang, Juan S. Uribe, Jay D Turner, and U Kumar Kakarla

The Living Spine Model: A Biomimetic Surgical Training and Education Tool., Michael A Bohl, Sarah McBryan, Danielle Pais, Steve W Chang, Jay D Turner, Peter Nakaji, and U Kumar Kakarla

Dissection of the Petrosal Presigmoid-Retrolabyrinthine Approach for the Petroclival Region on a Cadaver: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Leandro Borba Moreira, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Xiaochun Zhao, Kaith K Almefty, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C Preul

Pathologic Correlation of Cellular Imaging Using Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Quantification in Patients with Brain Metastases After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Hamid Borghei-Razavi, Mayur Sharma, Todd Emch, Daria Krivosheya, Bryan Lee, Baha'eddin Muhsen, Richard Prayson, Nancy Obuchowski, Gene H. Barnett, Michael A. Vogelbaum, Samuel T. Chao, John H. Suh, Alireza M. Mohammadi, and Lilyana Angelov

Giant Encephalocele in Sokoto, Nigeria: A 5-Year Review of Operated Cases., Gyang Markus Bot, Nasiru J Ismail, Muhammad Raji Mahmud, Ismail Hassan, Ali Lasseini, Danaan J Shilong, Joseph O Obande, Babagana Usman, Lena Mary Houlihan, Mark C Preul, and Bello B Shehu

Comparative Analysis of Continuous Suturing, Interrupted Suturing, and Cyanoacrylate-Based Lid Techniques for End-to-End Microvascular Anastomosis: Laboratory Investigation., Gyang Markus Bot, Xiaochun Zhao, Brenna K McElenney, Ali Tayebi Meybodi, Evgenii Belykh, Michael T. Lawton, and Mark C Preul

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Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy with Dentato-Rubro-Thalamic Tractography in Patients with Spinal Cord Stimulators and Cardiac Pacemakers, Vivek P. Buch, Brendan J. McShane, Nathan Beatson, Andrew Yang, Aaron Blanke, David Tilden, Matthew Korn, Hanane Chaibainou, Ashwin Ramayya, Kirsten Wombacher, Shannon Maier, Tigran Marashlian, Ronald Wolf, and Gordon H. Baltuch

Diagnostic impact of preoperative corticosteroids in primary central nervous system lymphoma., C L Bullis, A Maldonado-Perez, S G Bowden, N Yaghi, D Munger, M D Wood, R F Barajas, P Ambady, E A Neuwelt, and S J Han

Incidence, classification, and treatment of angiographically occult intracranial aneurysms found during microsurgical aneurysm clipping of known aneurysms, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Michelle H. Chua, Ethan A. Winkler, W. Caleb Rutledge, and Michael T. Lawton

Surgical selection and outcomes among elderly patients with brain arteriovenous malformations, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Ethan A. Winkler, Joshua S. Catapano, Robert F. Spetzler, and Michael T. Lawton

Early versus Delayed Microsurgical Clipping of Additional Unruptured Aneurysms in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Jan Karl Burkhardt, Ethan A. Winkler, Jonathan Weller, and Michael T. Lawton

Onyx embolization of skull base paragangliomas: a single-center experience., Joshua S Catapano, Rami O Almefty, Dale Ding, Alexander C Whiting, Andrew R Pines, Kent R Richter, Andrew F. Ducruet, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

Complications of femoral versus radial access in neuroendovascular procedures with propensity adjustment., Joshua S Catapano, Vance L Fredrickson, Tatsuhiro Fujii, Tyler S Cole, Stefan W Koester, Jacob F Baranoski, Daniel D Cavalcanti, D Andrew Wilkinson, Neil Majmundar, Michael J Lang, Michael T. Lawton, Andrew F. Ducruet, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

Double-Barrel Superficial Temporal Artery-M2 Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass and Creation of a Middle Communicating Artery via M2-M2 End-to-End Reimplantation for Trapping of a Dolichoectatic Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video., Joshua S Catapano, Fabio A Frisoli, Megan S Cadigan, Dara S Farhadi, Candice L Nguyen, and Michael T. Lawton

Management of Extracranial Blunt Cerebrovascular Injuries: Experience with an Aspirin-Based Approach., Joshua S Catapano, Sharjeel Israr, Alexander C Whiting, Omar M Hussain, Laura A Snyder, Felipe C. Albuquerque, Andrew F. Ducruet, Peter Nakaji, Michael T. Lawton, Jordan A Weinberg, and Joseph M Zabramski

Digital subtraction cerebral angiography after negative computed tomography angiography findings in non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage., Joshua S Catapano, Michael J Lang, Stefan W Koester, Derrick J Wang, Joseph D DiDomenico, Vance L Fredrickson, Tyler S Cole, Jonathan Lee, Michael T. Lawton, Andrew F. Ducruet, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

Outcomes in a case series of elderly patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT)., Joshua S Catapano, Christopher E Louie, Michael J Lang, Joseph D DiDomenico, Alexander C Whiting, Mohamed A Labib, Tyler S Cole, Vance L Fredrickson, Daniel D Cavalcanti, and Michael T. Lawton

In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "Laparoscopic-Assisted Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement and Reduction in Operative Time and Total Hospital Charges"., Joshua S Catapano, Andrew W Mezher, Derrick J Wang, Alexander C Whiting, Michael A Mooney, Michael A Bohl, John P Sheehy, Joseph D DiDomenico, Christina E Sarris, Kris A Smith, Michael T. Lawton, and Joseph M Zabramski

Laparoscopic-Assisted Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement and Reduction in Operative Time and Total Hospital Charges., Joshua S Catapano, Andrew W Mezher, Derrick J Wang, Alexander C Whiting, Michael A Mooney, Michael A Bohl, John P Sheehy, Joseph D DiDomenico, Christina E Sarris, Kris A Smith, Michael T. Lawton, and Joseph M Zabramski

Laparoscopic-Assisted Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement and Reduction in Operative Time and Total Hospital Charges, Joshua S. Catapano, Andrew W. Mezher, Derrick J. Wang, Alexander C. Whiting, Michael A. Mooney, Michael A. Bohl, John P. Sheehy, Joseph D. DiDomenico, Christina E. Sarris, Kris A. Smith, Michael T. Lawton, and Joseph M. Zabramski

In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "Laparoscopic-Assisted Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement and Reduction in Operative Time and Total Hospital Charges", Joshua S. Catapano, Andrew W. Mezher, Derrick J. Wang, Alexander C. Whiting, Michael A. Mooney, Michael A. Bohl, John P. Sheehy, Joseph D. DiDomenico, Christina E. Sarris, Kris A. Smith, Michael T. Lawton, and Joseph M. Zabramski

Postembolization Change in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Enhancement of Meningiomas Is a Better Predictor of Intraoperative Blood Loss Than Angiography., Joshua S Catapano, Alexander C Whiting, Andrew W Mezher, Colin J Przybylowski, Alfred P See, Mohamed A Labib, Vance L Fredrickson, Daniel D Cavalcanti, Michael T. Lawton, Andrew F. Ducruet, Felipe C. Albuquerque, and Nader Sanai