The Barrow Neurological Institute is proud of its reputation as a medical research facility and is home to some of the most sophisticated research programs outside of an academic setting in the Southwestern United States. Researchers in the Barrow Neurosurgery Research Center are devoted to learning more about the causes of and treatments for a wide range of disorders, such as stroke, aneurysms, spinal cord injury, and hydrocephalus. Our research has led to treatments that are being used around the world. Within the Department are neurosurgeons who subspecialize in cerebrovascular and skull base, functional and stereotactic, pediatric, spine, tumor, and endovascular neurosurgery.
Physicians, scientists, and expert clinical staff come together with a commitment to developing new techniques for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of neurological illnesses and injuries. The leadership of internationally respected physicians keeps Barrow at the forefront of neuroscience. The compassionate expertise of its extensive staff of nurses, technologists, therapists and support personnel is evident in every aspect of care provided.
Our mission is to advance the knowledge and practice of medicine in neuroscience through basic and clinical research, education of medical professionals, and innovation in clinical techniques and technology.
Submissions from 2001
Loss and atrophy of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment, Jeffrey H. Kordower, Yaping Chu, Glenn T. Stebbins, Steven T. Dekosky, Elizabeth J. Cochran, David Bennett, and Elliott J. Mufson
Neurotoxicity Of Channel Mutations In Heterologously Expressed α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Ronald J. Lukas, Linda Lucero, Bruno Buisson, Jean Luc Galzi, Elzbieta Puchacz, John D. Fryer, Jean Pierre Changeux, and Daniel Bertrand
Differential occupancy of somatodendritic and postsynaptic 5HT1A receptors by pindolol: A dose-occupancy study with [11C]WAY 100635 and Positron Emission Tomography in humans, Diana Martinez, Dah Ren Hwang, Osama Mawlawi, Mark Slifstein, Justine Kent, Norman Simpson, Ramin V. Parsey, Tomoki Hashimoto, Yiyun Huang, Ann Shinn, Ronald Van Heertum, Anissa Abi-Dargham, Stephen Caltabiano, Andrea Malizia, Hugh Cowley, J. John Mann, and Marc Laruelle
Cytokine-induced changes in chromatin structure and in vivo footprints in the inducible NOS promoter., J K Mellott, H S Nick, M F Waters, T R Billiar, D A Geller, and S E Chesrown
Characterization Of Human α4β2 Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors Stably Expressed In Sh-Ep1 Cells, Mary A. Pacheco, Tina E. Pastoor, Ronald J. Lukas, and Lynn Wecker
The neuronal Rho-GEF Kalirin-7 interacts with PDZ domain-containing proteins and regulates dendritic morphogenesis, Peter Penzes, Richard C. Johnson, Rita Sattler, Xiaoqun Zhang, Richard L. Huganir, Vikram Kambampati, Richard E. Mains, and Betty A. Eipper
Distribution of galaninergic immunoreactivity in the brain of the mouse, Silvia E. Pérez, David Wynick, Robert A. Steiner, and Elliott J. Mufson
Lack of flow regulation may explain the development of arteriovenous malformations, C. M. Quick, T. Hashimoto, and W. L. Young
Hyperphosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product and altered subcellular distribution of E2F-1 during Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, S. Ranganathan, S. Scudiere, and R. Bowser
The effects of dexamethasone on bone fusion in an experimental model of posterolateral lumbar spinal arthrodesis, P. D. Sawin, C. A. Dickman, N. R. Crawford, M. S. Melton, W. D. Bichard, and V. K.H. Sonntag
Change in gene expression subsequent to induction of Pnn/DRS/memA: Increase in p21cip1/waf1, Yujiang Shi, Matthew N. Simmons, Tsugio Seki, S. Paul Oh, and Stephen P. Sugrue
Galanin transgenic mice display cognitive and neurochemical deficits characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, Robert A. Steiner, John G. Hohmann, Andrew Holmes, Craige C. Wrenn, Gary Cadd, Anders Juréus, Donald K. Clifton, Mulon Luo, Mitchell Gutshall, Shuang Y. Ma, Elliott J. Mufson, and Jacqueline N. Crawley
Phorbol Ester Impairs Electrical Excitation Of Rat Pancreatic Betacells Through Pkc-Independent Activation Of Katp Channels, Sechiko Suga, Jie Wu, Yoshiji Ogawa, Teruko Takeo, Takahiro Kanno, and Makoto Wakui
Absence of echovirus sequences in brain and spinal cord and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, Michelle Portlance Walker, Robert Schlaberg, Arthur P. Hays, Robert Bowser, and W. Ian Lipkin
Gamma Oscillation Underlies Hyperthermia-Induced Epileptiform-Like Spikes In Immature Rat Hippocampal Slices, Jie Wu, Sam P. Javedan, Kevin Ellsworth, and Robert S. Fisher
Submissions from 2000
2-Oxo-2H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazoles inhibit brain benzodiazepine receptor binding in vitro, Jinglu Ai, Xiaomei Wang, Helen Wahe, Zacharias Tanee Fomum, Olov Sterner, Mogens Nielsen, and Michael Robin Witt
5-Hydroxytryptamine Interaction With The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, Michael P. Blanton, Elizabeth A. McCardy, John D. Fryer, Minghua Liu, and Ronald J. Lukas
Age-related decreases in GTP-cyclohydrolase-I immunoreactive neurons in the monkey and human substantia nigra, Er Yun Chen, Eric Kallwitz, Stuart E. Leff, Elizabeth J. Cochran, Elliott J. Mufson, Jeffrey H. Kordower, and Ronald J. Mandel
Erratum: A new technique for determining 3-D joint angles: The tilt/twist method (Clinical Biomechanics 14(3): 1999 (153-165)), N. R. Crawford, G. T. Yamaguchi, and C. A. Dickman
Abnormal pattern of Tie-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression in human cerebral arteriovenous malformations, Tomoki Hashimoto, Charles W. Emala, Shailendra Joshi, Ricardo Mesa-Tejada, Christopher M. Quick, Lei Feng, Adam Libow, Douglas A. Marchuk, and William L. Young
Adenosine-induced ventricular asystole to induce transient profound systemic hypotension in patients undergoing endovascular therapy: Dose-response characteristics, Tomoki Hashimoto, William L. Young, Beverly D. Aagaard, Shailendra Joshi, Noeleen D. Ostapkovich, and John Pile-Spellman
Effects Of Diltiazem On Human Nicotinic Acetylcholine And Gaba(A) Receptors, L. M. Houlihan, E. Y. Slater, D. J. Beadle, R. J. Lukas, and I. Bermudez
Fetal Alz-50 clone 1 (FAC1) protein interacts with the myc-associated zinc finger protein (ZF87/MAZ) and alters its transcriptional activity, K. L. Jordan-Sciutto, J. M. Dragich, J. Caltagarone, D. J. Hall, and R. Bowser
Intracarotid infusion of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NMMA, modestly decreases cerebral blood flow in human subjects, Shailendra Joshi, William L. Young, D. Hoang Duong, Noeleen D. Ostapkovich, Beverly D. Aagaard, Tomoki Hashimoto, and John Pile-Spellman
Ortho-linked polyaryloxide ligands and their titanium complexes, Ajay Kayal, Andrew F. Ducruet, and Sonny C. Lee
Activin receptor patterning of foregut organogenesis, Seung K. Kim, Matthias Hebrok, En Li, S. Paul Oh, Heinrich Schrewe, Erin B. Harmon, Joon S. Lee, and Douglas A. Melton
Positron emission tomography study of pindolol occupancy of 5-HT(1A) receptors in humans: Preliminary analyses, Diana Martinez, Osama Mawlawi, Dah Ren Hwang, Justine Kent, Norman Simpson, Ramin V. Parsey, Tomoki Hashimoto, Mark Slifstein, Yiyun Huang, Ronald Van Heertum, Anissa Abi-Dargham, Stephen Caltabiano, Andrea Malizia, Hugh Cowley, J. John Mann, and Marc Laruelle
Landsat-4 attitude recovery and other experiences with aging landsat spacecraft, Prafulla K. Misra, Joseph Sedlak, Jim Gregory, Sonny Jones, Ron Smilek, Dave Lorenz, William N. Stewart, and Robert Bowser
Novel method to quantify neuropil threads in brains from elders with or without cognitive impairment, T. W. Mitchell, J. Nissanov, L. Y. Han, E. J. Mufson, J. A. Schneider, E. J. Cochran, D. A. Bennett, V. M.Y. Lee, J. Q. Trojanowski, and S. E. Arnold
Galanin receptor plasticity within the nucleus basalis in early and late Alzheimer's disease: An in vitro autoradiographic analysis, E. J. Mufson, D. C. Deecher, M. Basile, S. Izenwasse, and D. C. Mash
Loss of nucleus basalis neurons containing trkA immunoreactivity in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's diseases, Elliott J. Mufson, Shuang Y. Ma, Elizabeth J. Cochran, David A. Bennett, Laural A. Beckett, Syed Jaffar, H. Uri Saragovi, and Jeffrey H. Kordower
Activin receptor-like kinase 1 modulates transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in the regulation of angiogenesis, S. Paul Oh, Tsugio Seki, Kendrick A. Goss, Takeshi Imamura, Youngsuk Yi, Patricia K. Donahoe, Li Li, Kohei Miyazono, Peter Ten Dijke, Seongjin Kim, and En Li
Galanin regulates the postnatal survival of a subset of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, Gillian O'Meara, Urania Coumis, Shuang Y. Ma, Jan Kehr, Sally Mahoney, Andrea Bacon, Shelley J. Allen, Fiona Holmes, Ulrika Kahl, Fu H. Wang, Ian R. Kearns, Sven Ove-Ogren, David Dawbarn, Elliott J. Mufson, Ceri Davies, Gerard Dawson, and David Wynick
Distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in the brain of the adult trout and tract-tracing observations on the connections of the nuclei of the isthmus., S E Pérez, J Yáñez, O Marín, R Anadón, A González, and I Rodríguez-Moldes
Model of structural and functional adaptation of small conductance vessels to arterial hypotension, Christopher M. Quick, William L. Young, Edward F. Leonard, Shailendra Joshi, Gao Erzhen, and Tomoki Hashimoto
Molecular mechanisms of calcium-dependent excitotoxicity, Rita Sattler and Michael Tymianski
Distinct roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in excitotoxicity, Rita Sattler, Zhigang Xiong, Wei Yang Lu, John F. MacDonald, and Michael Tymianski
Reduction in TrkA-immunoreactive neurons is not associated with an overexpression of galaninergic fibers within the nucleus basalis in Down's syndrome, T. J. Sendera, S. Y. Ma, S. Jaffar, P. B. Kozlowski, J. H. Kordower, Y. Mawal, H. U. Saragovi, and E. J. Mufson
Hyperthermic Spreading Depressions In The Immature Rat Hippocampal Slice, Jie Wu and Robert S. Fisher
2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl Borate Modulates Kinetics Of Intracellular Ca 2+ Signals Mediated By Inositol 145-Trisphosphate-Sensitive Ca 2+ Stores In Single Pancreatic Acinar Cells Of Mouse, Jie Wu, Noritaka Kamimura, Teruko Takeo, Sechiko Suga, Makoto Wakui, Takayuki Maruyama, and Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
Increase in spinal canal area after inverse laminoplasty: An anatomical study, Kemal Yücesoy and Neil R. Crawford
Submissions from 1999
The septin CDCrel-1 binds syntaxin and inhibits exocytosis, Crestina L. Beites, Hong Xie, Robert Bowser, and William S. Trimble
Immunocytochemical localization of the dopamine transporter in human brain, Brian J. Ciliax, Genny W. Drash, Julie K. Staley, Sharon Haber, Catherine J. Mobley, Gary W. Miller, Elliott J. Mufson, Deborah C. Mash, and Allan I. Levey
Differential biomechanical effects of injury and wiring at C1-C2, Neil R. Crawford, R. John Hurlbert, Won Gyu Choi, and Curtis A. Dickman
A new technique for determining 3-D joint angles: The tilt/twist method, Neil R. Crawford, Gary T. Yamaguchi, and Curtis A. Dickman
Radiographic grading for knee osteoarthritis. A revised scheme that relates to alignment and deformity., T Derek, V Cooke, B P Kelly, L Harrison, G Mohamed, and B Khan
Antidepressants Noncompetitively Inhibit Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function, John D. Fryer and Ronald J. Lukas
Noncompetitive Functional Inhibition At Diverse Human Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes By Bupropion Phencyclidine And Ibogaine, John D. Fryer and Ronald J. Lukas
Preservation of nucleus basalis neurons containing choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease, Michelle L. Gilmor, Jeffrey D. Erickson, Hélène Varoqui, Louis B. Hersh, David A. Bennett, Elizabeth J. Cochran, Elliott J. Mufson, and Allan I. Levey
Correlations Between Neurograms And Locomotor Drive Potentials In Motoneurons During Fictive Locomotion: Implications For The Organization Of Locomotor Commands, T. M. Hamm, T. V. Trank, and V. V. Turkin
A biomechanical evaluation of occipitocervical instrumentation: Screw compared with wire fixation, R. John Hurlbert, Neil R. Crawford, Won Gyu Choi, and Curtis A. Dickman
DNA binding activity of the fetal Alz-50 clone 1 (FAC1) protein is enhanced by phosphorylation, Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto, Joanna M. Dragich, and Robert Bowser
Fetal Alz-50 clone 1, a novel zinc finger protein, binds a specific DNA sequence and acts as a transcriptional regulator, Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto, Joanna M. Dragich, James L. Rhodes, and Robert Bowser
Increased cyclin G1 immunoreactivity during Alzheimer's disease, K. L. Jordan-Sciutto, K. Morgan, and R. Bowser
Clinicopathological findings following intraventricular glial-derived neurotrophic factor treatment in a patient with Parkinson's disease, Jeffrey H. Kordower, Stephane Palfi, Er Yun Chen, Shuang Y. Ma, Timothy Sendera, Elizabeth J. Cochran, Elliott J. Mufson, Richard Penn, Christopher G. Goetz, and Cynthia D. Comella
International Union Of Pharmacology. Xx. Current Status Of The Nomenclature For Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors And Their Subunits, Ronald J. Lukas, Jean Pierre Changeux, Nicolas Le Novère, Edson X. Albuquerque, David J.K. Balfour, Darwin K. Berg, Daniel Bertrand, Vincent A. Chiappinelli, Paul B.S. Clarke, Allan C. Collins, John A. Dani, Sharon R. Grady, Kenneth J. Kellar, Jon M. Lindstrom, Michael J. Marks, Maryka Quik, Palmer W. Taylor, and Susan Wonnacott
Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive neurons decrease with age in the human substantia nigra, S. Y. Ma, B. J. Ciliax, G. Stebbins, S. Jaffar, J. N. Joyce, E. J. Cochran, J. H. Kordower, D. C. Mash, A. I. Levey, and E. J. Mufson
Entorhinal cortex β-amyloid load in individuals with mild cognitive impairment, E. J. Mufson, E. Y. Chen, E. J. Cochran, L. A. Beckett, D. A. Bennett, and J. H. Kordower
Estrogen receptor immunoreactivity within subregions of the rat forebrain: Neuronal distribution and association with perikarya containing choline acetyltransferase, Elliott J. Mufson, Wei Jun Cai, Syed Jaffar, Er Yun Chen, Glenn Stebbins, Timothy Sendera, and Jeffrey H. Kordower
Distribution and retrograde transport of trophic factors in the central nervous system: Functional implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, Elliott J. Mufson, Jeffrey S. Kroin, Timothy J. Sendera, and Teresa Sobreviela
Inducible Heterologous Expression Of Human α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors In A Native Nicotinic Receptor-Null Human Clonal Line, Jian Hong Peng, Linda Lucero, John Fryer, Jennifer Herl, Sherry S. Leonard, and Ronald J. Lukas
Specific coupling of NMDA receptor activation to nitric oxide neurotoxicity by PSD-95 protein, Rita Sattler, Zhigang Xiong, Wei Yang Lu, Mathias Hafner, John F. MacDonald, and Michael Tymianski
The type II activin receptors are essential for egg cylinder growth, gastrulation, and rostral head development in mice, Jihwan Song, Suk P. Oh, Heinrich Schrewe, Masatoshi Nomura, Hong Lei, Makiko Okano, Thomas Gridley, and En Li
Honokiol and magnolol increase the number of [3H]muscimol binding sites three-fold in rat forebrain membranes in vitro using a filtration assay, by allosterically increasing the affinities of low-affinity sites, Richard F. Squires, Jinglu Ai, Michael Robin Witt, Pia Kahnberg, Else Saederup, Olov Sterner, and Mogens Nielsen
Dynamic expression and cellular localization of the Drosophila 14-3-3ε during embryonic development, An Chi Tien, Hsin Yin Hsei, and Cheng Ting Chien
Organization Of Recurrent Inhibition And Facilitation In Motoneuron Pools Innervating Dorsiflexors Of The Cat Hindlimb, Tamara V. Trank, Vladimir V. Turkin, and Thomas M. Hamm
Stability of the craniovertebral junction after unilateral occipital condyle resection: A biomechanical study, A. Giancarlo Vishteh, Neil R. Crawford, M. Stephen Melton, Robert F. Spetzler, Volker K.H. Sonntag, and Curtis A. Dickman
Submissions from 1998
Expression of FAC1 in activated microglia during Alzheimer's disease, Robert Bowser and Shannon Reilly
Localization of a novel septin protein, hCDCrel-1, in neurons of human brain, John Caltagarone, James Rhodes, William G. Honer, and Robert Bowser
The spinal lax zone and neutral zone: Measurement techniques and parameter comparisons, Neil R. Crawford, Joseph D. Peles, and Curtis A. Dickman
Characterization and localization of galanin receptors in human entorhinal cortex, D. C. Deecher, D. C. Mash, J. K. Staley, and E. J. Mufson
Age-related declines in nigral neuronal function correlate with motor impairments in rhesus monkeys, Marina E. Emborg, Shuang Y. Ma, Elliott J. Mufson, Allan I. Levey, Michael D. Taylor, W. Douglas Brown, James E. Holden, and Jeffrey H. Kordower
Occlusion of the pilot tube in a Laser-Shield II endotracheal tube caused by methylene blue crystals: A case report, Tomoki Hashimoto and Valerie E. Armstead
Marked increases of aminotransferase levels after cresol ingestion, Tomoki Hashimoto, Hiroki Iida, and Shuji Dohi
Kinematics of the knee joint in deep flexion: a radiographic assessment., M S Hefzy, B P Kelly, and T D Cooke
Red Nucleus Stimulation Inhibits Within The Inferior Olive, K. M. Horn, T. M. Hamm, and A. R. Gibson
Endothelial cell dysfunction in response to intracellular overexpression of amyloid precursor protein, N. Jahroudi, J. Kitney, J. S. Greenberger, and R. Bowser
Alzheimer's disease and brain development: common molecular pathways., K. Jordan-Sciutto and R. Bowser
The presence of FAC1 protein in Hirano bodies, K. Jordan-Sciutto, J. Dragich, D. Walcott, and R. Bowser
Effects Of Chronic Nicotine Treatment On Expression Of Diverse Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes. I. Dose- And Time-Dependent Effects Of Nicotine Treatment, Lei Ke, Cynthia M. Eisenhour, Merouane Bencherif, and Ronald J. Lukas
Fetal nigral grafts survive and mediate clinical benefit in a patient with Parkinson's disease, Jeffrey H. Kordower, Thomas B. Freeman, Er Yun Chen, Elliott J. Mufson, Paul R. Sanberg, Robert A. Hauser, Barry Snow, and C. Warren Olanow
Repression of enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway by glucose in fission yeast, Shwetal Mehta, S. Velmurugan, and Zita Lobo
std1, a gene involved in glucose transport in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Shwetal V. Mehta, Vandana B. Patil, S. Velmurugan, Zita Lobo, and Pabitra K. Maitra
m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-immunoreactive neurons are not reduced within the nucleus basalis in Alzheimer's disease: relationship with cholinergic and galaninergic perikarya, E J. Mufson, S Jaffar, and A I. Levey
Galanin expression within the basal forebrain in Alzheimer's disease: Comments on therapeutic potential, Elliott J. Mufson, Ulrika Kahl, Robert Bowser, Deborah C. Mash, Jeffrey H. Kordower, and Darlene C. Deecher
Biomechanical comparison of C1-C2 posterior fixations. Cable, graft, and screw combinations, Sait Naderi, Neil R. Crawford, Geun Sung Song, Volker K.H. Sonntag, and Curtis A. Dickman
Distinct influx pathways, not calcium load, determine neuronal vulnerability to calcium neurotoxicity, Rita Sattler, Milton P. Charlton, Mathias Hafner, and Michael Tymianski
Tyrosine kinase A, galanin and nitric oxide synthase within basal forebrain neurons in the rat, T Sobreviela, S Jaffar, and E J. Mufson
Immunohistochemical Localization Of Nicotinic β2 And α4 Receptor Subunits In Normal Human Brain And Individuals With Lewy Body And Alzheimer'S Disease: Preliminary Observations, D. Larry Sparks, Thomas G. Beach, and Ronald J. Lukas
Organization Of Recurrent Inhibition And Facilitation In Motor Nuclei Innervating Ankle Muscles Of The Cat, Vladimir V. Turkin, Katrina S. Monroe, and Thomas M. Hamm
Targeted intraparenchymal delivery of human NGF by gene transfer to the primate basal forebrain for 3 months does not accelerate β-amyloid plaque deposition, Mark H. Tuszynski, David E. Smith, Jeffrey Roberts, Heather McKay, and Elliott Mufson
Characterization Of Neuroprotection From Excitotoxicity By Moderate And Profound Hypothermia In Cultured Cortical Neurons Unmasks A Temperature- Insensitive Component Of Glutamate Neurotoxicity, Michael Tymianski, Rita Sattler, Joseph M. Zabramski, and Robert F. Spetzler
Gene dosage-dependent embryonic development and proliferation defects in mice lacking the transcriptional integrator p300, Tso Pang Yao, Suk P. Oh, Miriam Fuchs, Nai Dong Zhou, Lian Ee Ch'ng, David Newsome, Roderick T. Bronson, En Li, David M. Livingston, and Richard Eckner
Submissions from 1997
The heteroyohimbine mayumbine binds with high affinity to rat brain benzodiazepine receptors in vitro, Jinglu Ai, Kim Dekermendjian, Mogens Nielsen, and Michael Robin Witt
6-Methylflavone, a benzodiazepine receptor ligand with antagonistic properties on rat brain and human recombinant GABA(A) receptors in vitro, Jinglu Ai, Kim Dekermendjian, Xiaomei Wang, Mogens Nielsen, and Michael Robin Witt
Carrier mediated delivery of NGF: alterations in basal forebrain neurons in aged rats revealed using antibodies against low and high affinity NGF receptors, C Bäckman, G M. Rose, R T. Bartus, B J. Hoffer, E J. Mufson, and A C. Granholm
Furanocoumarins with affinity to brain benzodiazepine receptors in vitro, Ola Bergendorff, Kim Dekermendjian, Mogens Nielsen, Rudong Shan, Robin Witt, Jinglu Ai, and Olov Sterner
A confocal microscopic analysis of galaninergic hyperinnervation of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in Alzheimer's disease, Robert Bowser, Jeffrey H. Kordower, and Elliott J. Mufson
Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal formation of Alzheimer's diseased brain, D. R. Brady and E. J. Mufson
Biomechanical effects of transthoracic microdiscectomy, Guy G. Broc, Neil R. Crawford, Volker K.H. Sonntag, and Curtis A. Dickman