Arteriovenous malformation in the adult mouse brain resembling the human disease

Authors

Espen J. Walker, University of California, San Francisco
Hua Su, University of California, San Francisco
Fanxia Shen, University of California, San Francisco
Eun Jung Choi, University of California, San Francisco
S. Paul Oh, University of FloridaFollow
Grant Chen, University of California, San Francisco
Michael T. Lawton, University of California, San FranciscoFollow
Helen Kim, University of California, San Francisco
Yongmei Chen, University of California, San Francisco
Wanqiu Chen, University of California, San Francisco
William L. Young, University of California, San Francisco

Document Type

Article

Abstract

Objective: Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are an important cause of hemorrhagic stroke. The underlying mechanisms are not clear. No animal model for adult bAVM is available for mechanistic exploration. Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2) with activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1; ACVRL1) mutations have a higher incidence of bAVM than the general population. We tested the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation with regional homozygous deletion of Alk1 induces severe dysplasia in the adult mouse brain, akin to human bAVM. Methods: Alk12f/2f (exons 4-6 flanked by loxP sites) and wild-type (WT) mice (8-10 weeks old) were injected with adenoviral vector expressing Cre recombinase (Ad-Cre; 2 × 107 plaque forming units [PFU]) and adeno-associated viral vectors expressing VEGF (AAV-VEGF; 2 × 10 9 genome copies) into the basal ganglia. At 8 weeks, blood vessels were analyzed. Results: Gross vascular irregularities were seen in Alk1 2f/2f mouse brain injected with Ad-Cre and AAV-VEGF. The vessels were markedly enlarged with abnormal patterning resembling aspects of the human bAVM phenotype, displayed altered expression of the arterial and venous markers (EphB4 and Jagged-1), and showed evidence of arteriovenous shunting. Vascular irregularities were not seen in similarly treated WT mice. Interpretation: Our data indicate that postnatal, adult formation of the human disease, bAVM, is possible, and that both genetic mutation and angiogenic stimulation are necessary for lesion development. Our work not only provides a testable adult mouse bAVM model for the first time, but also suggests that specific medical therapy can be developed to slow bAVM growth and potentially stabilize the rupture-prone abnormal vasculature. Copyright © 2011 American Neurological Association.

Publication Date

6-1-2011

Publication Title

Annals of Neurology

ISSN

03645134

E-ISSN

15318249

Volume

69

Issue

6

First Page

954

Last Page

962

PubMed ID

21437931

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.1002/ana.22348

Recommended Citation

Walker, Espen J.; Su, Hua; Shen, Fanxia; Choi, Eun Jung; Oh, S. Paul; Chen, Grant; Lawton, Michael T.; Kim, Helen; Chen, Yongmei; Chen, Wanqiu; and Young, William L., "Arteriovenous malformation in the adult mouse brain resembling the human disease" (2011). Translational Neuroscience. 683.
https://scholar.barrowneuro.org/neurobiology/683